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<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><title>MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.69.1"><meta name="description" content="
        This is the MySQL Reference Manual. It documents MySQL
        5.0 up through 5.0.16.
       
        Document generated on:


      "><link rel="start" href="index.html" title="MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual"><link rel="next" href="preface.html" title="Preface"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="preface.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="book" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id2692269"></a>MySQL 5.0 Reference Manual</h1></div><div><div class="abstract"><p class="title"><b>Abstract</b></p><p>
        This is the MySQL Reference Manual. It documents MySQL
        5.0 up through 5.0.16.
      </p><p>
        Document generated on:

2005-11-16
      </p></div></div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="preface.html">Preface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="introduction.html">1. General Information</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#manual-info">1.1. About This Manual</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#manual-conventions">1.2. Conventions Used in This Manual</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#what-is-mysql-ab">1.3. Overview of MySQL AB</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#what-is">1.4. Overview of the MySQL Database Management System</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#history">1.4.1. History of MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#features">1.4.2. The Main Features of MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#stability">1.4.3. MySQL Stability</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#table-size">1.4.4. How Big MySQL Tables Can Be</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#year-2000-compliance">1.4.5. Year 2000 Compliance</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#maxdb">1.5. Overview of the MaxDB Database Management System</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#maxdb-overview">1.5.1. What is MaxDB?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#maxdb-history">1.5.2. History of MaxDB</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#maxdb-features">1.5.3. Features of MaxDB</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#maxdb-licensing">1.5.4. Licensing and Support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#maxdb-mysql-differences">1.5.5. Feature Differences Between MaxDB and MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#maxdb-mysql-interoperability">1.5.6. Interoperability Features Between MaxDB and MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#maxdb-links">1.5.7. MaxDB-Related Links</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#roadmap">1.6. MySQL Development Roadmap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#mysql-5-0-nutshell">1.6.1. What's New in MySQL 5.0</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#mysql-information-sources">1.7. MySQL Information Sources</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#questions">1.7.1. MySQL Mailing Lists</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#irc">1.7.2. MySQL Community Support on IRC (Internet Relay Chat)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#forums">1.7.3. MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#compatibility">1.8. MySQL Standards Compliance</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#standards">1.8.1. What Standards MySQL Follows</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#sql-mode">1.8.2. Selecting SQL Modes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#ansi-mode">1.8.3. Running MySQL in ANSI Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#extensions-to-ansi">1.8.4. MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#differences-from-ansi">1.8.5. MySQL Differences from Standard SQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="introduction.html#constraints">1.8.6. How MySQL Deals with Constraints</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="installing.html">2. Installing MySQL</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#general-installation-issues">2.1. General Installation Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#which-os">2.1.1. Operating Systems Supported by MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#which-version">2.1.2. Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#getting-mysql">2.1.3. How to Get MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#verifying-package-integrity">2.1.4. Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or <code class="literal">GnuPG</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#installation-layouts">2.1.5. Installation Layouts</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#quick-standard-installation">2.2. Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-installation">2.3. Installing MySQL on Windows</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-system-requirements">2.3.1. Windows System Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-choosing-package">2.3.2. Choosing An Installation Package</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-using-installer">2.3.3. Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-install-wizard">2.3.4. Using the MySQL Installation Wizard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-config-wizard">2.3.5. Using the Configuration Wizard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-install-archive">2.3.6. Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-extract-archive">2.3.7. Extracting the Install Archive</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-create-option-file">2.3.8. Creating an Option File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-select-server">2.3.9. Selecting a MySQL Server type</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-server-first-start">2.3.10. Starting the Server for the First Time</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-start-command-line">2.3.11. Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-start-service">2.3.12. Starting MySQL as a Windows Service</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-testing">2.3.13. Testing The MySQL Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-troubleshooting">2.3.14. Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-upgrading">2.3.15. Upgrading MySQL on Windows</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-vs-unix">2.3.16. MySQL on Windows Compared to MySQL on Unix</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#linux-rpm">2.4. Installing MySQL on Linux</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#mac-os-x-installation">2.5. Installing MySQL on Mac OS X</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#netware-installation">2.6. Installing MySQL on NetWare</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#installing-binary">2.7. Installing MySQL on Other Unix-Like Systems</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#installing-source">2.8. MySQL Installation Using a Source Distribution</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#quick-install">2.8.1. Source Installation Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#configure-options">2.8.2. Typical <span><strong class="command">configure</strong></span> Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#installing-source-tree">2.8.3. Installing from the Development Source Tree</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#compilation-problems">2.8.4. Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#mit-pthreads">2.8.5. MIT-pthreads Notes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-source-build">2.8.6. Installing MySQL from Source on Windows</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-client-compiling">2.8.7. Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#post-installation">2.9. Post-Installation Setup and Testing</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#windows-post-installation">2.9.1. Windows Post-Installation Procedures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#unix-post-installation">2.9.2. Unix Post-Installation Procedures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#default-privileges">2.9.3. Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#upgrade">2.10. Upgrading MySQL</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#upgrading-from-5-0">2.10.1. Upgrading from Version 5.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#upgrading-from-4-1">2.10.2. Upgrading from Version 4.1 to 5.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#upgrading-grant-tables">2.10.3. Upgrading the Grant Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#upgrading-to-arch">2.10.4. Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#downgrading">2.11. Downgrading MySQL</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#downgrading-to-4-1">2.11.1. Downgrading to 4.1</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#operating-system-specific-notes">2.12. Operating System-Specific Notes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#linux">2.12.1. Linux Notes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#mac-os-x">2.12.2. Mac OS X Notes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#solaris">2.12.3. Solaris Notes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#bsd-notes">2.12.4. BSD Notes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#other-unix-notes">2.12.5. Other Unix Notes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#os-2">2.12.6. OS/2 Notes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#perl-support">2.13. Perl Installation Notes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#perl-installation">2.13.1. Installing Perl on Unix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#activestate-perl">2.13.2. Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="installing.html#perl-support-problems">2.13.3. Problems Using the Perl <code class="literal">DBI</code>/<code class="literal">DBD</code> Interface</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="tutorial.html">3. Tutorial</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#connecting-disconnecting">3.1. Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#entering-queries">3.2. Entering Queries</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#database-use">3.3. Creating and Using a Database</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#creating-database">3.3.1. Creating and Selecting a Database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#creating-tables">3.3.2. Creating a Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#loading-tables">3.3.3. Loading Data into a Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#retrieving-data">3.3.4. Retrieving Information from a Table</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#getting-information">3.4. Getting Information About Databases and Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#batch-mode">3.5. Using <span><strong class="command">mysql</strong></span> in Batch Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#examples">3.6. Examples of Common Queries</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#example-maximum-column">3.6.1. The Maximum Value for a Column</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#example-maximum-row">3.6.2. The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#example-maximum-column-group">3.6.3. Maximum of Column per Group</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#example-maximum-column-group-row">3.6.4. The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Field</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#example-user-variables">3.6.5. Using User Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#example-foreign-keys">3.6.6. Using Foreign Keys</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#searching-on-two-keys">3.6.7. Searching on Two Keys</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#calculating-days">3.6.8. Calculating Visits Per Day</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#example-auto-increment">3.6.9. Using <code class="literal">AUTO_INCREMENT</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#twin">3.7. Queries from the Twin Project</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#twin-pool">3.7.1. Find All Non-distributed Twins</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#twin-event">3.7.2. Show a Table of Twin Pair Status</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="tutorial.html#apache">3.8. Using MySQL with Apache</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="using-mysql-programs.html">4. Using MySQL Programs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="using-mysql-programs.html#program-overview">4.1. Overview of MySQL Programs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="using-mysql-programs.html#invoking-programs">4.2. Invoking MySQL Programs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="using-mysql-programs.html#program-options">4.3. Specifying Program Options</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="using-mysql-programs.html#command-line-options">4.3.1. Using Options on the Command Line</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="using-mysql-programs.html#option-files">4.3.2. Using Option Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="using-mysql-programs.html#environment-variable-options">4.3.3. Using Environment Variables to Specify Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="using-mysql-programs.html#program-variables">4.3.4. Using Options to Set Program Variables</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="database-administration.html">5. Database Administration</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#server-side-scripts">5.1. The MySQL Server and Server Startup Scripts</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#server-side-overview">5.1.1. Overview of the Server-Side Scripts and Utilities</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#mysqld-max">5.1.2. The <span><strong class="command">mysqld-max</strong></span> Extended MySQL Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#mysqld-safe">5.1.3. mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#mysql-server">5.1.4. mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#mysqld-multi">5.1.5. mysqld_multi — Program for Managing Multiple MySQL Servers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#instance-manager">5.2. mysqlmanager — The MySQL Instance Manager</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#instance-manager-startup-process">5.2.1. Starting the MySQL Server with MySQL Instance Manager</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#instance-manager-security">5.2.2. Connecting to the MySQL Instance Manager and Creating User Accounts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#instance-manager-command-line-options">5.2.3. MySQL Instance Manager Command-Line Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#instance-manager-configuration-files">5.2.4. MySQL Instance Manager Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#instance-manager-commands">5.2.5. Commands Recognized by the MySQL Instance Manager</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#mysqld">5.3. mysqld — The MySQL Server</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#server-options">5.3.1. <span><strong class="command">mysqld</strong></span> Command-Line Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#server-sql-mode">5.3.2. The Server SQL Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#server-system-variables">5.3.3. Server System Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#server-status-variables">5.3.4. Server Status Variables</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#mysql-fix-privilege-tables">5.4. mysql_fix_privilege_tables — Upgrade MySQL System Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#server-shutdown">5.5. The MySQL Server Shutdown Process</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#security">5.6. General Security Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#security-guidelines">5.6.1. General Security Guidelines</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#security-against-attack">5.6.2. Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#privileges-options">5.6.3. Startup Options for <span><strong class="command">mysqld</strong></span> Concerning Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#load-data-local">5.6.4. Security Issues with <code class="literal">LOAD DATA LOCAL</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#privilege-system">5.7. The MySQL Access Privilege System</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#what-privileges">5.7.1. What the Privilege System Does</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#privileges">5.7.2. How the Privilege System Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#privileges-provided">5.7.3. Privileges Provided by MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#connecting">5.7.4. Connecting to the MySQL Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#connection-access">5.7.5. Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#request-access">5.7.6. Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#privilege-changes">5.7.7. When Privilege Changes Take Effect</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#access-denied">5.7.8. Causes of <code class="literal">Access denied</code> Errors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#password-hashing">5.7.9. Password Hashing in MySQL 4.1</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#user-account-management">5.8. MySQL User Account Management</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#user-names">5.8.1. MySQL Usernames and Passwords</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#adding-users">5.8.2. Adding New User Accounts to MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#removing-users">5.8.3. Removing User Accounts from MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#user-resources">5.8.4. Limiting Account Resources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#passwords">5.8.5. Assigning Account Passwords</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#password-security">5.8.6. Keeping Your Password Secure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#secure-connections">5.8.7. Using Secure Connections</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#disaster-prevention">5.9. Backup and Recovery</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#backup">5.9.1. Database Backups</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#backup-strategy-example">5.9.2. Example Backup and Recovery Strategy</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#point-in-time-recovery">5.9.3. Point-in-Time Recovery</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#table-maintenance">5.9.4. Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#myisamchk">5.9.5. myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#maintenance-schedule">5.9.6. Setting Up a Table Maintenance Schedule</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#table-info">5.9.7. Getting Information About a Table</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#localisation">5.10. MySQL Localization and International Usage</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#character-sets">5.10.1. The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#languages">5.10.2. Setting the Error Message Language</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#adding-character-set">5.10.3. Adding a New Character Set</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#character-arrays">5.10.4. The Character Definition Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#string-collating">5.10.5. String Collating Support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#multi-byte-characters">5.10.6. Multi-Byte Character Support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#problems-with-character-sets">5.10.7. Problems With Character Sets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#time-zone-support">5.10.8. MySQL Server Time Zone Support</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#log-files">5.11. The MySQL Log Files</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#error-log">5.11.1. The Error Log</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#query-log">5.11.2. The General Query Log</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#binary-log">5.11.3. The Binary Log</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#slow-query-log">5.11.4. The Slow Query Log</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#log-file-maintenance">5.11.5. Log File Maintenance</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#multiple-servers">5.12. Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#multiple-windows-servers">5.12.1. Running Multiple Servers on Windows</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#multiple-unix-servers">5.12.2. Running Multiple Servers on Unix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#multiple-server-clients">5.12.3. Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#query-cache">5.13. The MySQL Query Cache</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#query-cache-how">5.13.1. How the Query Cache Operates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#query-cache-in-select">5.13.2. Query Cache <code class="literal">SELECT</code> Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#query-cache-configuration">5.13.3. Query Cache Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="database-administration.html#query-cache-status-and-maintenance">5.13.4. Query Cache Status and Maintenance</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="replication.html">6. Replication in MySQL</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-intro">6.1. Introduction to Replication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-implementation">6.2. Replication Implementation Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-implementation-details">6.3. Replication Implementation Details</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#master-thread-states">6.3.1. Replication Master Thread States</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#slave-io-thread-states">6.3.2. Replication Slave I/O Thread States</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#slave-sql-thread-states">6.3.3. Replication Slave SQL Thread States</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#slave-logs">6.3.4. Replication Relay and Status Files</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-howto">6.4. How to Set Up Replication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-compatibility">6.5. Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-upgrade">6.6. Upgrading a Replication Setup</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-upgrade-5-0">6.6.1. Upgrading Replication to 5.0</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-features">6.7. Replication Features and Known Problems</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-options">6.8. Replication Startup Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-faq">6.9. Replication FAQ</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-problems">6.10. Troubleshooting Replication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-bugs">6.11. Reporting Replication Bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="replication.html#replication-auto-increment">6.12. Auto-Increment in Multi-Master Replication</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="optimization.html">7. Optimization</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#optimize-overview">7.1. Optimization Overview</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#design-limitations">7.1.1. MySQL Design Limitations and Tradeoffs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#portability">7.1.2. Designing Applications for Portability</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#internal-use">7.1.3. What We Have Used MySQL For</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#mysql-benchmarks">7.1.4. The MySQL Benchmark Suite</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#custom-benchmarks">7.1.5. Using Your Own Benchmarks</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#query-speed">7.2. Optimizing <code class="literal">SELECT</code> Statements and Other Queries</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#explain">7.2.1. <code class="literal">EXPLAIN</code> Syntax (Get Information About a <code class="literal">SELECT</code>)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#estimating-performance">7.2.2. Estimating Query Performance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#select-speed">7.2.3. Speed of <code class="literal">SELECT</code> Queries</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#where-optimizations">7.2.4. How MySQL Optimizes <code class="literal">WHERE</code> Clauses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#range-optimization">7.2.5. Range Optimization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#index-merge-optimization">7.2.6. Index Merge Optimization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#is-null-optimization">7.2.7. How MySQL Optimizes <code class="literal">IS NULL</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#distinct-optimization">7.2.8. How MySQL Optimizes <code class="literal">DISTINCT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#left-join-optimization">7.2.9. How MySQL Optimizes <code class="literal">LEFT JOIN</code> and <code class="literal">RIGHT JOIN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#nested-joins">7.2.10. How MySQL Optimizes Nested Joins</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#outer-join-simplification">7.2.11. How MySQL Simplifies Outer Joins</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#order-by-optimization">7.2.12. How MySQL Optimizes <code class="literal">ORDER BY</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#group-by-optimization">7.2.13. How MySQL Optimizes <code class="literal">GROUP BY</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#limit-optimization">7.2.14. How MySQL Optimizes <code class="literal">LIMIT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#how-to-avoid-table-scan">7.2.15. How to Avoid Table Scans</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#insert-speed">7.2.16. Speed of <code class="literal">INSERT</code> Statements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#update-speed">7.2.17. Speed of <code class="literal">UPDATE</code> Statements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#delete-speed">7.2.18. Speed of <code class="literal">DELETE</code> Statements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#tips">7.2.19. Other Optimization Tips</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#locking-issues">7.3. Locking Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#internal-locking">7.3.1. Locking Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#table-locking">7.3.2. Table Locking Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#optimizing-database-structure">7.4. Optimizing Database Structure</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#design">7.4.1. Design Choices</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#data-size">7.4.2. Make Your Data as Small as Possible</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#indexes">7.4.3. Column Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#multiple-column-indexes">7.4.4. Multiple-Column Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#mysql-indexes">7.4.5. How MySQL Uses Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#myisam-key-cache">7.4.6. The <code class="literal">MyISAM</code> Key Cache</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#myisam-index-statistics">7.4.7. <code class="literal">MyISAM</code> Index Statistics Collection</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#open-tables">7.4.8. How MySQL Counts Open Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#table-cache">7.4.9. How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#creating-many-tables">7.4.10. Drawbacks to Creating Many Tables in the Same Database</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#optimizing-the-server">7.5. Optimizing the MySQL Server</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#system">7.5.1. System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#server-parameters">7.5.2. Tuning Server Parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#controlling-optimizer">7.5.3. Controlling Query Optimizer Performance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#compile-and-link-options">7.5.4. How Compiling and Linking Affects the Speed of MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#memory-use">7.5.5. How MySQL Uses Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#dns">7.5.6. How MySQL Uses DNS</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#disk-issues">7.6. Disk Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="optimization.html#symbolic-links">7.6.1. Using Symbolic Links</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="client-side-scripts.html">8. Client and Utility Programs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#client-side-overview">8.1. Overview of the Client-Side Scripts and Utilities</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#myisampack">8.2. myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysql">8.3. mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysql-command-options">8.3.1. Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysql-commands">8.3.2. <span><strong class="command">mysql</strong></span> Commands</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#batch-commands">8.3.3. Executing SQL Statements from a Text File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysql-tips">8.3.4. <span><strong class="command">mysql</strong></span> Tips</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysqlaccess">8.4. mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysqladmin">8.5. mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysqlbinlog">8.6. mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysqlcheck">8.7. mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance and Repair Program</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysqldump">8.8. mysqldump — A Database Backup Program</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysqlhotcopy">8.9. mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysqlimport">8.10. mysqlimport — A Data Import Program</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysqlshow">8.11. mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#myisamlog">8.12. myisamlog — Display Contents of MyISAM Log File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#perror">8.13. perror — Explain Error Codes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#replace-utility">8.14. replace — A String-Replacement Utility</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="client-side-scripts.html#mysql-zap">8.15. mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="language-structure.html">9. Language Structure</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#literals">9.1. Literal Values</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#string-syntax">9.1.1. Strings</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#number-syntax">9.1.2. Numbers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#hexadecimal-values">9.1.3. Hexadecimal Values</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#boolean-values">9.1.4. Boolean Values</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#bit-field-values">9.1.5. Bit-Field Values</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#null-values">9.1.6. <code class="literal">NULL</code> Values</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#legal-names">9.2. Database, Table, Index, Column, and Alias Names</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#identifier-qualifiers">9.2.1. Identifier Qualifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#name-case-sensitivity">9.2.2. Identifier Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#variables">9.3. User Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#system-variables">9.4. System Variables</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#structured-system-variables">9.4.1. Structured System Variables</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#comments">9.5. Comment Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="language-structure.html#reserved-words">9.6. Treatment of Reserved Words in MySQL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="charset.html">10. Character Set Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-general">10.1. Character Sets and Collations in General</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-mysql">10.2. Character Sets and Collations in MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-defaults">10.3. Determining the Default Character Set and Collation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-server">10.3.1. Server Character Set and Collation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-database">10.3.2. Database Character Set and Collation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-table">10.3.3. Table Character Set and Collation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-column">10.3.4. Column Character Set and Collation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-examples">10.3.5. Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-connection">10.3.6. Connection Character Sets and Collations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-literal">10.3.7. Character String Literal Character Set and Collation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-collate">10.3.8. Using <code class="literal">COLLATE</code> in SQL Statements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-collate-precedence">10.3.9. <code class="literal">COLLATE</code> Clause Precedence</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-binary-op">10.3.10. <code class="literal">BINARY</code> Operator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-collate-tricky">10.3.11. Some Special Cases Where the Collation Determination Is Tricky</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-collation-charset">10.3.12. Collations Must Be for the Right Character Set</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-collation-effect">10.3.13. An Example of the Effect of Collation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-operations">10.4. Operations Affected by Character Set Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-result">10.4.1. Result Strings</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-convert">10.4.2. <code class="literal">CONVERT()</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-cast">10.4.3. <code class="literal">CAST()</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-show">10.4.4. <code class="literal">SHOW</code> Statements</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-unicode">10.5. Unicode Support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-metadata">10.6. UTF8 for Metadata</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-compatibility">10.7. Compatibility with Other DBMSs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-config-file">10.8. New Character Set Configuration File Format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-national">10.9. National Character Set</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-charsets">10.10. Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-unicode-sets">10.10.1. Unicode Character Sets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-we-sets">10.10.2. West European Character Sets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-ce-sets">10.10.3. Central European Character Sets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-se-me-sets">10.10.4. South European and Middle East Character Sets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-baltic-sets">10.10.5. Baltic Character Sets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-cyrillic-sets">10.10.6. Cyrillic Character Sets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="charset.html#charset-asian-sets">10.10.7. Asian Character Sets</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="column-types.html">11. Column Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#column-type-overview">11.1. Column Type Overview</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#numeric-type-overview">11.1.1. Overview of Numeric Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#date-and-time-type-overview">11.1.2. Overview of Date and Time Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#string-type-overview">11.1.3. Overview of String Types</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#numeric-types">11.2. Numeric Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#date-and-time-types">11.3. Date and Time Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#datetime">11.3.1. The <code class="literal">DATETIME</code>, <code class="literal">DATE</code>, and <code class="literal">TIMESTAMP</code> Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#time">11.3.2. The <code class="literal">TIME</code> Type</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#year">11.3.3. The <code class="literal">YEAR</code> Type</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#y2k-issues">11.3.4. Y2K Issues and Date Types</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#string-types">11.4. String Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#char">11.4.1. The <code class="literal">CHAR</code> and <code class="literal">VARCHAR</code> Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#binary-varbinary">11.4.2. The <code class="literal">BINARY</code> and <code class="literal">VARBINARY</code> Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#blob">11.4.3. The <code class="literal">BLOB</code> and <code class="literal">TEXT</code> Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#enum">11.4.4. The <code class="literal">ENUM</code> Type</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#set">11.4.5. The <code class="literal">SET</code> Type</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#storage-requirements">11.5. Column Type Storage Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#choosing-types">11.6. Choosing the Right Type for a Column</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="column-types.html#other-vendor-column-types">11.7. Using Column Types from Other Database Engines</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="functions.html">12. Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#non-typed-operators">12.1. Operators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#operator-precedence">12.1.1. Operator Precedence</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#parentheses">12.1.2. Parentheses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#comparison-operators">12.1.3. Comparison Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#logical-operators">12.1.4. Logical Operators</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#control-flow-functions">12.2. Control Flow Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#string-functions">12.3. String Functions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#string-comparison-functions">12.3.1. String Comparison Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#numeric-functions">12.4. Numeric Functions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#arithmetic-functions">12.4.1. Arithmetic Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#mathematical-functions">12.4.2. Mathematical Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#date-and-time-functions">12.5. Date and Time Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#mysql-calendar">12.6. What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#fulltext-search">12.7. Full-Text Search Functions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#fulltext-boolean">12.7.1. Boolean Full-Text Searches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#fulltext-query-expansion">12.7.2. Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#fulltext-stopwords">12.7.3. Full-Text Stopwords</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#fulltext-restrictions">12.7.4. Full-Text Restrictions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#fulltext-fine-tuning">12.7.5. Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#cast-functions">12.8. Cast Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#other-functions">12.9. Other Functions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#bit-functions">12.9.1. Bit Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#encryption-functions">12.9.2. Encryption Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#information-functions">12.9.3. Information Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#miscellaneous-functions">12.9.4. Miscellaneous Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#group-by-functions-and-modifiers">12.10. Functions and Modifiers for Use with <code class="literal">GROUP BY</code> Clauses</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#group-by-functions">12.10.1. <code class="literal">GROUP BY</code> (Aggregate) Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#group-by-modifiers">12.10.2. <code class="literal">GROUP BY</code> Modifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="functions.html#group-by-hidden-fields">12.10.3. <code class="literal">GROUP BY</code> with Hidden Fields</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="sql-syntax.html">13. SQL Statement Syntax</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#data-definition">13.1. Data Definition Statements</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#alter-database">13.1.1. <code class="literal">ALTER DATABASE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#alter-table">13.1.2. <code class="literal">ALTER TABLE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#create-database">13.1.3. <code class="literal">CREATE DATABASE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#create-index">13.1.4. <code class="literal">CREATE INDEX</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#create-table">13.1.5. <code class="literal">CREATE TABLE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#drop-database">13.1.6. <code class="literal">DROP DATABASE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#drop-index">13.1.7. <code class="literal">DROP INDEX</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#drop-table">13.1.8. <code class="literal">DROP TABLE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#rename-table">13.1.9. <code class="literal">RENAME TABLE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#data-manipulation">13.2. Data Manipulation Statements</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#delete">13.2.1. <code class="literal">DELETE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#do">13.2.2. <code class="literal">DO</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#handler">13.2.3. <code class="literal">HANDLER</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#insert">13.2.4. <code class="literal">INSERT</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#load-data">13.2.5. <code class="literal">LOAD DATA INFILE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#replace">13.2.6. <code class="literal">REPLACE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#select">13.2.7. <code class="literal">SELECT</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#subqueries">13.2.8. Subquery Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#truncate">13.2.9. <code class="literal">TRUNCATE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#update">13.2.10. <code class="literal">UPDATE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#basic-user-commands">13.3. MySQL Utility Statements</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#describe">13.3.1. <code class="literal">DESCRIBE</code> Syntax (Get Information About Columns)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#use">13.3.2. <code class="literal">USE</code> Syntax</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#transactional-commands">13.4. MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#commit">13.4.1. <code class="literal">START TRANSACTION</code>, <code class="literal">COMMIT</code>, and <code class="literal">ROLLBACK</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#cannot-roll-back">13.4.2. Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#implicit-commit">13.4.3. Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#savepoints">13.4.4. <code class="literal">SAVEPOINT</code> and <code class="literal">ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#lock-tables">13.4.5. <code class="literal">LOCK TABLES</code> and <code class="literal">UNLOCK TABLES</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#set-transaction">13.4.6. <code class="literal">SET TRANSACTION</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#xa">13.4.7. XA Transactions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#database-administration-statements">13.5. Database Administration Statements</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#account-management-sql">13.5.1. Account Management Statements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#table-maintenance-sql">13.5.2. Table Maintenance Statements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#set-option">13.5.3. <code class="literal">SET</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#show">13.5.4. <code class="literal">SHOW</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#other-administrative-sql">13.5.5. Other Administrative Statements</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#replication-sql">13.6. Replication Statements</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#replication-master-sql">13.6.1. SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#replication-slave-sql">13.6.2. SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sql-syntax.html#sqlps">13.7. SQL Syntax for Prepared Statements</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="storage-engines.html">14. Storage Engines and Table Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#myisam-storage-engine">14.1. The <code class="literal">MyISAM</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#myisam-start">14.1.1. <code class="literal">MyISAM</code> Startup Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#key-space">14.1.2. Space Needed for Keys</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#myisam-table-formats">14.1.3. <code class="literal">MyISAM</code> Table Storage Formats</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#myisam-table-problems">14.1.4. <code class="literal">MyISAM</code> Table Problems</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb">14.2. The <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-overview">14.2.1. <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-contact-information">14.2.2. <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Contact Information</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-configuration">14.2.3. <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-start">14.2.4. <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Startup Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-init">14.2.5. Creating the <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Tablespace</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#using-innodb-tables">14.2.6. Creating <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#adding-and-removing">14.2.7. Adding and Removing <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Data and Log Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#backing-up">14.2.8. Backing Up and Recovering an <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#moving">14.2.9. Moving an <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Database to Another Machine</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-transaction-model">14.2.10. <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Transaction Model and Locking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-tuning">14.2.11. <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Performance Tuning Tips</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-multi-versioning">14.2.12. Implementation of Multi-Versioning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#table-and-index">14.2.13. Table and Index Structures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#file-space-management">14.2.14. File Space Management and Disk I/O</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-error-handling">14.2.15. InnoDB Error Handling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-restrictions">14.2.16. Restrictions on <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#innodb-troubleshooting">14.2.17. <code class="literal">InnoDB</code> Troubleshooting</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#merge-storage-engine">14.3. The <code class="literal">MERGE</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#merge-table-problems">14.3.1. <code class="literal">MERGE</code> Table Problems</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#memory-storage-engine">14.4. The <code class="literal">MEMORY</code> (<code class="literal">HEAP</code>) Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#bdb-storage-engine">14.5. The <code class="literal">BDB</code> (<code class="literal">BerkeleyDB</code>) Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#bdb-portability">14.5.1. Operating Systems Supported by <code class="literal">BDB</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#bdb-install">14.5.2. Installing <code class="literal">BDB</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#bdb-start">14.5.3. <code class="literal">BDB</code> Startup Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#bdb-characteristics">14.5.4. Characteristics of <code class="literal">BDB</code> Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#bdb-todo">14.5.5. Things We Need to Fix for <code class="literal">BDB</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#bdb-restrictions">14.5.6. Restrictions on <code class="literal">BDB</code> Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#bdb-errors">14.5.7. Errors That May Occur When Using <code class="literal">BDB</code> Tables</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#example-storage-engine">14.6. The <code class="literal">EXAMPLE</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#federated-storage-engine">14.7. The <code class="literal">FEDERATED</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#federated-install">14.7.1. Installing the <code class="literal">FEDERATED</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#federated-description">14.7.2. Description of the <code class="literal">FEDERATED</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#federated-use">14.7.3. How to use <code class="literal">FEDERATED</code> Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#federated-limitations">14.7.4. Limitations of the <code class="literal">FEDERATED</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#archive-storage-engine">14.8. The <code class="literal">ARCHIVE</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#csv-storage-engine">14.9. The <code class="literal">CSV</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="storage-engines.html#blackhole-storage-engine">14.10. The <code class="literal">BLACKHOLE</code> Storage Engine</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ndbcluster.html">15. MySQL Cluster</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-overview">15.1. MySQL Cluster Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-basics">15.2. Basic MySQL Cluster Concepts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#multi-computer">15.3. Simple Multi-Computer How-To</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#multi-hardware-software-network">15.3.1. Hardware, Software, and Networking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#multi-install">15.3.2. Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#multi-config">15.3.3. Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#multi-initial">15.3.4. Initial Startup</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#multi-load-data-queries">15.3.5. Loading Sample Data and Performing Queries</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#multi-shutdown-restart">15.3.6. Safe Shutdown and Restart</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-configuration">15.4. MySQL Cluster Configuration</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-building">15.4.1. Building MySQL Cluster from Source Code</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-installing">15.4.2. Installing the Software</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-quick">15.4.3. Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-config-file">15.4.4. Configuration File</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-process-management">15.5. Process Management in MySQL Cluster</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysqld-process">15.5.1. MySQL Server Process Usage for MySQL Cluster</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#ndbd-process">15.5.2. <span><strong class="command">ndbd</strong></span>, the Storage Engine Node Process</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#ndb-mgmd-process">15.5.3. <span><strong class="command">ndb_mgmd</strong></span>, the Management Server Process</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#ndb-mgm-process">15.5.4. <span><strong class="command">ndb_mgm</strong></span>, the Management Client Process</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-command-options">15.5.5. Command Options for MySQL Cluster Processes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-management">15.6. Management of MySQL Cluster</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-startup-phases">15.6.1. MySQL Cluster Startup Phases</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mgm-client-commands">15.6.2. Commands in the Management Client</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-event-reports">15.6.3. Event Reports Generated in MySQL Cluster</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-single-user-mode">15.6.4. Single User Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-backup">15.6.5. On-line Backup of MySQL Cluster</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-interconnects">15.7. Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#sci-sockets">15.7.1. Configuring MySQL Cluster to use SCI Sockets</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#performance-figures">15.7.2. Understanding the Impact of Cluster Interconnects</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-limitations">15.8. Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-roadmap">15.9. MySQL Cluster Development Roadmap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-5-0-cluster-changes">15.9.1. MySQL Cluster Changes in MySQL 5.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-5-1-cluster-roadmap">15.9.2. MySQL 5.1 Development Roadmap for MySQL Cluster</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-faq">15.10. MySQL Cluster FAQ</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="ndbcluster.html#mysql-cluster-glossary">15.11. MySQL Cluster Glossary</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html">16. Spatial Extensions in MySQL</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-introduction">16.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#opengis-geometry-model">16.2. The OpenGIS Geometry Model</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-geometry-class-hierarchy">16.2.1. The Geometry Class Hierarchy</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-geometry">16.2.2. Class <code class="literal">Geometry</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-point">16.2.3. Class <code class="literal">Point</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-curve">16.2.4. Class <code class="literal">Curve</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-linestring">16.2.5. Class <code class="literal">LineString</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-surface">16.2.6. Class <code class="literal">Surface</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-polygon">16.2.7. Class <code class="literal">Polygon</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-geometrycollection">16.2.8. Class <code class="literal">GeometryCollection</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-multipoint">16.2.9. Class <code class="literal">MultiPoint</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-multicurve">16.2.10. Class <code class="literal">MultiCurve</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-multilinestring">16.2.11. Class <code class="literal">MultiLineString</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-multisurface">16.2.12. Class <code class="literal">MultiSurface</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-class-multipolygon">16.2.13. Class <code class="literal">MultiPolygon</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#supported-spatial-data-formats">16.3. Supported Spatial Data Formats</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-wkt-format">16.3.1. Well-Known Text (WKT) Format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-wkb-format">16.3.2. Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#creating-a-spatially-enabled-mysql-database">16.4. Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#mysql-spatial-datatypes">16.4.1. MySQL Spatial Data Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#creating-spatial-values">16.4.2. Creating Spatial Values</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#creating-spatial-columns">16.4.3. Creating Spatial Columns</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#populating-spatial-columns">16.4.4. Populating Spatial Columns</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#fetching-spatial-data">16.4.5. Fetching Spatial Data</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#analysing-spatial-information">16.5. Analyzing Spatial Information</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#functions-to-convert-geometries-between-formats">16.5.1. Geometry Format Conversion Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#geometry-property-functions">16.5.2. <code class="literal">Geometry</code> Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#functions-that-create-new-geometries-from-existing-ones">16.5.3. Functions That Create New Geometries from Existing Ones</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#functions-for-testing-spatial-relations-between-geometric-objects">16.5.4. Functions for Testing Spatial Relations Between Geometric Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#relations-on-geometry-mbr">16.5.5. Relations on Geometry Minimal Bounding Rectangles (MBRs)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#functions-that-test-spatial-relationships-between-geometries">16.5.6. Functions That Test Spatial Relationships Between Geometries</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#optimizing-spatial-analysis">16.6. Optimizing Spatial Analysis</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#creating-spatial-indexes">16.6.1. Creating Spatial Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#using-a-spatial-index">16.6.2. Using a Spatial Index</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#mysql-gis-conformance-and-compatibility">16.7. MySQL Conformance and Compatibility</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="spatial-extensions-in-mysql.html#gis-features-that-are-not-yet-implemented">16.7.1. GIS Features That Are Not Yet Implemented</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="stored-procedures.html">17. Stored Procedures and Functions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#stored-procedure-privileges">17.1. Stored Procedures and the Grant Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#stored-procedure-syntax">17.2. Stored Procedure Syntax</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#create-procedure">17.2.1. <code class="literal">CREATE PROCEDURE</code> and <code class="literal">CREATE FUNCTION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#alter-procedure">17.2.2. <code class="literal">ALTER PROCEDURE</code> and <code class="literal">ALTER FUNCTION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#drop-procedure">17.2.3. <code class="literal">DROP PROCEDURE</code> and <code class="literal">DROP FUNCTION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#show-create-procedure">17.2.4. <code class="literal">SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE</code> and <code class="literal">SHOW CREATE FUNCTION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#show-procedure-status">17.2.5. <code class="literal">SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS</code> and <code class="literal">SHOW FUNCTION STATUS</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#call">17.2.6. <code class="literal">CALL</code> Statement</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#begin-end">17.2.7. <code class="literal">BEGIN ... END</code> Compound Statement</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#declare">17.2.8. <code class="literal">DECLARE</code> Statement</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#variables-in-stored-procedures">17.2.9. Variables in Stored Procedures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#conditions-and-handlers">17.2.10. Conditions and Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#cursors">17.2.11. Cursors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#flow-control-constructs">17.2.12. Flow Control Constructs</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#stored-procedure-replication-faq">17.3. Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and Replication: Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="stored-procedures.html#stored-procedure-logging">17.4. Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="triggers.html">18. Triggers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="triggers.html#create-trigger">18.1. <code class="literal">CREATE TRIGGER</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="triggers.html#drop-trigger">18.2. <code class="literal">DROP TRIGGER</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="triggers.html#using-triggers">18.3. Using Triggers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="views.html">19. Views</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="views.html#alter-view">19.1. <code class="literal">ALTER VIEW</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="views.html#create-view">19.2. <code class="literal">CREATE VIEW</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="views.html#drop-view">19.3. <code class="literal">DROP VIEW</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="views.html#show-create-view">19.4. <code class="literal">SHOW CREATE VIEW</code> Syntax</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="information-schema.html">20. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA</code> Information Database</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#information-schema-tables">20.1. <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA</code> Tables</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#schemata-table">20.1.1. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#tables-table">20.1.2. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#columns-table">20.1.3. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#statistics-table">20.1.4. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#user-privileges-table">20.1.5. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#schema-privileges-table">20.1.6. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#table-privileges-table">20.1.7. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#column-privileges-table">20.1.8. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#character-sets-table">20.1.9. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#collations-table">20.1.10. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#collation-character-set-applicability-table">20.1.11. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#table-constraints-table">20.1.12. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#key-column-usage-table">20.1.13. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#routines-table">20.1.14. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#views-table">20.1.15. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#triggers-table">20.1.16. The <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS</code> Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#other-information-schema-tables">20.1.17. Other <code class="literal">INFORMATION_SCHEMA</code> Tables</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="information-schema.html#extended-show">20.2. Extensions to <code class="literal">SHOW</code> Statements</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="precision-math.html">21. Precision Math</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="precision-math.html#precision-math-numbers">21.1. Types of Numeric Values</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="precision-math.html#precision-math-decimal-changes">21.2. <code class="literal">DECIMAL</code> Data Type Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="precision-math.html#precision-math-expressions">21.3. Expression Handling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="precision-math.html#precision-math-rounding">21.4. Rounding Behavior</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="precision-math.html#precision-math-examples">21.5. Precision Math Examples</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="apis.html">22. APIs and Libraries</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#libmysqld">22.1. libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#libmysqld-overview">22.1.1. Overview of the Embedded MySQL Server Library</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#libmysqld-compiling">22.1.2. Compiling Programs with <code class="literal">libmysqld</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#libmysqld-restrictions">22.1.3. Restrictions when using the Embedded MySQL Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#libmysqld-options">22.1.4. Options with the Embedded Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#libmysqld-todo">22.1.5. Things left to do in Embedded Server (TODO)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#libmysqld-example">22.1.6. Embedded Server Examples</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#libmysqld-licensing">22.1.7. Licensing the Embedded Server</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c">22.2. MySQL C API</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-datatypes">22.2.1. C API Data types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-function-overview">22.2.2. C API Function Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-functions">22.2.3. C API Function Descriptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-prepared-statements">22.2.4. C API Prepared Statements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-prepared-statement-datatypes">22.2.5. C API Prepared Statement Data types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-prepared-statement-function-overview">22.2.6. C API Prepared Statement Function Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-prepared-statement-functions">22.2.7. C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-prepared-statement-problems">22.2.8. C API Prepared statement problems</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-multiple-queries">22.2.9. C API Handling of Multiple Query Execution</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-date-handling">22.2.10. C API Handling of Date and Time Values</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-thread-functions">22.2.11. C API Threaded Function Descriptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-embedded-server-func">22.2.12. C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#c-api-problems">22.2.13. Common questions and problems when using the C API</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#building-clients">22.2.14. Building Client Programs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#threaded-clients">22.2.15. How to Make a Threaded Client</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#php">22.3. MySQL PHP API</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#php-problems">22.3.1. Common Problems with MySQL and PHP</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#perl">22.4. MySQL Perl API</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#cplusplus">22.5. MySQL C++ API</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#borland-c-plus-plus">22.5.1. Borland C++</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#python">22.6. MySQL Python API</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#tcl">22.7. MySQL Tcl API</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#eiffel">22.8. MySQL Eiffel Wrapper</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#programming-utilities">22.9. MySQL Program Development Utilities</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#msql2mysql">22.9.1. msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="apis.html#mysql-config">22.9.2. mysql_config — Get Compile Options for Compiling Clients</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="connectors.html">23.   Connectors</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#odbc-connector">23.1. MySQL Connector/ODBC</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-introduction">23.1.1. Introduction to MyODBC</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-general-information">23.1.2. General Information About ODBC and MyODBC</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#installing-myodbc">23.1.3. How to Install MyODBC</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-windows-binary-installation">23.1.4. Installing MyODBC from a Binary Distribution on Windows</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-unix-binary-installation">23.1.5. Installing MyODBC from a Binary Distribution on Unix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-windows-source-installation">23.1.6. Installing MyODBC from a Source Distribution on Windows</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-unix-source">23.1.7. Installing MyODBC from a Source Distribution on Unix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#development-source">23.1.8. Installing MyODBC from the BitKeeper Development Source Tree</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-configuration">23.1.9. MyODBC Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#connection">23.1.10. MyODBC Connection-Related Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#msaccess">23.1.11. MyODBC and Microsoft Access</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#msvba">23.1.12. MyODBC and Microsoft VBA and ASP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#tools">23.1.13. MyODBC and Third-Party ODBC Tools</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#functionality">23.1.14. MyODBC General Functionality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#basic-myodbc-application-steps">23.1.15. Basic MyODBC Application Steps</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-api-reference">23.1.16. MyODBC API Reference</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-data-types">23.1.17. MyODBC Data Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-error-codes">23.1.18. MyODBC Error Codes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-with-vb">23.1.19. MyODBC With VB: ADO, DAO and RDO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-with-net">23.1.20. MyODBC with Microsoft .NET</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#myodbc-credits">23.1.21. Credits</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#connector-net">23.2. MySQL Connector/NET</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#connector-net-introduction">23.2.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#connector-net-installation">23.2.2. Downloading and Installing MySQL Connector/NET</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#connector-net-architecture">23.2.3. Connector/NET Architecture</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#connector-net-using">23.2.4. Using MySQL Connector/NET</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#connector-net-news">23.2.5. MySQL Connector/NET Change History</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#java-connector">23.3. MySQL Connector/J</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#cj-basic-jdbc">23.3.1. Basic JDBC concepts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#cj-installing">23.3.2. Installing Connector/J</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#cj-jdbc-reference">23.3.3. JDBC Reference</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#cj-j2ee">23.3.4. Using Connector/J with J2EE and Other Java Frameworks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#cj-troubleshooting">23.3.5. Diagnosing Connector/J Problems</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#cj-changelog">23.3.6. Changelog</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj">23.4. MySQL Connector/MXJ</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj-introduction">23.4.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj-supported">23.4.2. Support Platforms:</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj-test-requirements">23.4.3. JUnit Test Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj-testing-">23.4.4. Running the JUnit Tests</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj-driver-launched">23.4.5. Running as part of the JDBC Driver</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj-java-object">23.4.6. Running within a Java Object</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj-java-api">23.4.7. The MysqldResource API</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj-jmx-agent">23.4.8. Running within a JMX Agent (custom)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj-standard-environment">23.4.9. Deployment in a standard JMX Agent environment (JBoss)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="connectors.html#mxj-install">23.4.10. Installation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="extending-mysql.html">24. Extending MySQL</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#mysql-internals">24.1. MySQL Internals</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#mysql-threads">24.1.1. MySQL Threads</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#mysql-test-suite">24.1.2. MySQL Test Suite</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#adding-functions">24.2. Adding New Functions to MySQL</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#udf-features">24.2.1. Features of the User-Defined Function Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#create-function">24.2.2. <code class="literal">CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION</code> Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#adding-udf">24.2.3. Adding a New User-Defined Function</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#adding-native-function">24.2.4. Adding a New Native Function</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#adding-procedures">24.3. Adding New Procedures to MySQL</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#procedure-analyse">24.3.1. Procedure Analyse</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="extending-mysql.html#writing-a-procedure">24.3.2. Writing a Procedure</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="problems.html">A. Problems and Common Errors</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#what-is-crashing">A.1. How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#common-errors">A.2. Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#error-access-denied">A.2.1. <code class="literal">Access denied</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#can-not-connect-to-server">A.2.2. <code class="literal">Can't connect to [local] MySQL server</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#old-client">A.2.3. <code class="literal">Client does not support authentication protocol</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#password-too-long">A.2.4. Password Fails When Entered Interactively</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#blocked-host">A.2.5. <code class="literal">Host '<em class="replaceable"><code>host_name</code></em>' is blocked</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#too-many-connections">A.2.6. <code class="literal">Too many connections</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#out-of-memory">A.2.7. <code class="literal">Out of memory</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#gone-away">A.2.8. <code class="literal">MySQL server has gone away</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#packet-too-large">A.2.9. <code class="literal">Packet too large</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#communication-errors">A.2.10. Communication Errors and Aborted Connections</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#full-table">A.2.11. <code class="literal">The table is full</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#cannot-create">A.2.12. <code class="literal">Can't create/write to file</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#commands-out-of-sync">A.2.13. <code class="literal">Commands out of sync</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#ignoring-user">A.2.14. <code class="literal">Ignoring user</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#cannot-find-table">A.2.15. <code class="literal">Table '<em class="replaceable"><code>tbl_name</code></em>' doesn't exist</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#cannot-initialize-character-set">A.2.16. <code class="literal">Can't initialize character set</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#not-enough-file-handles">A.2.17. File Not Found</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#installation-issues">A.3. Installation-Related Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#link-errors">A.3.1. Problems Linking to the MySQL Client Library</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#changing-mysql-user">A.3.2. How to Run MySQL as a Normal User</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#file-permissions">A.3.3. Problems with File Permissions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#administration-issues">A.4. Administration-Related Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#resetting-permissions">A.4.1. How to Reset the Root Password</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#crashing">A.4.2. What to Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#full-disk">A.4.3. How MySQL Handles a Full Disk</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#temporary-files">A.4.4. Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#problems-with-mysql-sock">A.4.5. How to Protect or Change the MySQL Socket File <code class="filename">/tmp/mysql.sock</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#timezone-problems">A.4.6. Time Zone Problems</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#query-issues">A.5. Query-Related Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#case-sensitivity">A.5.1. Case Sensitivity in Searches</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#using-date">A.5.2. Problems Using <code class="literal">DATE</code> Columns</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#problems-with-null">A.5.3. Problems with <code class="literal">NULL</code> Values</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#problems-with-alias">A.5.4. Problems with Column Aliases</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#non-transactional-tables">A.5.5. Rollback Failure for Non-Transactional Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#deleting-from-related-tables">A.5.6. Deleting Rows from Related Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#no-matching-rows">A.5.7. Solving Problems with No Matching Rows</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#problems-with-float">A.5.8. Problems with Floating-Point Comparisons</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#optimizer-issues">A.6. Optimizer-Related Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#table-definition-issues">A.7. Table Definition-Related Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#alter-table-problems">A.7.1. Problems with <code class="literal">ALTER TABLE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#change-column-order">A.7.2. How to Change the Order of Columns in a Table</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#temporary-table-problems">A.7.3. <code class="literal">TEMPORARY TABLE</code> Problems</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#bugs">A.8. Known Issues in MySQL</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="problems.html#open-bugs">A.8.1. Open Issues in MySQL</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="error-handling.html">B. Error Codes and Messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="error-handling.html#error-messages-server">B.1. Server Error Codes and Messages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="error-handling.html#error-messages-client">B.2. Client Error Codes and Messages</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="credits.html">C. Credits</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="credits.html#developers">C.1. Developers at MySQL AB</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="credits.html#contributors">C.2. Contributors to MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="credits.html#documenters-translators">C.3. Documenters and translators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="credits.html#used-libraries">C.4. Libraries used by and included with MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="credits.html#packages">C.5. Packages that support MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="credits.html#tools-used-to-create-mysql">C.6. Tools that were used to create MySQL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="credits.html#supporters">C.7. Supporters of MySQL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="news.html">D. MySQL Change History</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-x">D.1. Changes in release 5.0.x (Production)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-16">D.1.1. Changes in release 5.0.16 (Not yet released)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-15">D.1.2. Changes in release 5.0.15 (19 October 2005: Production)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-14">D.1.3. Changes in release 5.0.14 (Not released)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-13">D.1.4. Changes in release 5.0.13 (22 Sept 2005: Release Candidate)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-12">D.1.5. Changes in release 5.0.12 (02 Sept 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-11">D.1.6. Changes in release 5.0.11 (06 Aug 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-10">D.1.7. Changes in release 5.0.10 (27 July 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-9">D.1.8. Changes in release 5.0.9 (15 July 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-8">D.1.9. Changes in release 5.0.8 (Not released)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-7">D.1.10. Changes in release 5.0.7 (10 June 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-6">D.1.11. Changes in release 5.0.6 (26 May 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-5">D.1.12. Changes in release 5.0.5 (Not released)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-4">D.1.13. Changes in release 5.0.4 (16 Apr 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-3">D.1.14. Changes in release 5.0.3 (23 Mar 2005: Beta)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-2">D.1.15. Changes in release 5.0.2 (01 Dec 2004)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-1">D.1.16. Changes in release 5.0.1 (27 Jul 2004)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#news-5-0-0">D.1.17. Changes in release 5.0.0 (22 Dec 2003: Alpha)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-change-history">D.2. <code class="literal">MySQL Cluster</code> Change History</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-5-0-7">D.2.1. MySQL Cluster-5.0.7 (Not yet released)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-5-0-6">D.2.2. MySQL Cluster-5.0.6 (26 May 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-5-0-5">D.2.3. MySQL Cluster-5.0.5 (Not released)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-5-0-4">D.2.4. MySQL Cluster-5.0.4 (16 Apr 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-5-0-3">D.2.5. MySQL Cluster-5.0.3 (23 Mar 2005: Beta)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-5-0-1">D.2.6. MySQL Cluster-5.0.1 (27 Jul 2004)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-13">D.2.7. MySQL Cluster-4.1.13 (15 Jul 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-12">D.2.8. MySQL Cluster-4.1.12 (13 May 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-11">D.2.9. MySQL Cluster-4.1.11 (01 Apr 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-10">D.2.10. MySQL Cluster-4.1.10 (12 Feb 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-9">D.2.11. MySQL Cluster-4.1.9 (13 Jan 2005)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-8">D.2.12. MySQL Cluster-4.1.8 (14 Dec 2004)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-7">D.2.13. MySQL Cluster-4.1.7 (23 Oct 2004)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-6">D.2.14. MySQL Cluster-4.1.6 (10 Oct 2004)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-5">D.2.15. MySQL Cluster-4.1.5 (16 Sep 2004)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-4">D.2.16. MySQL Cluster-4.1.4 (31 Aug 2004)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#mysql-cluster-news-4-1-3">D.2.17. MySQL Cluster-4.1.3 (28 Jun 2004)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#myodbc-news">D.3. Changes in MyODBC</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#myodbc-news-3-51-12">D.3.1. Changes in MyODBC 3.51.12</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="news.html#myodbc-news-3-51-11">D.3.2. Changes in MyODBC 3.51.11</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="porting.html">E. Porting to Other Systems</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#debugging-server">E.1. Debugging a MySQL Server</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#compiling-for-debugging">E.1.1. Compiling MySQL for Debugging</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#making-trace-files">E.1.2. Creating Trace Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#using-gdb-on-mysqld">E.1.3. Debugging <span><strong class="command">mysqld</strong></span> under <span><strong class="command">gdb</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#using-stack-trace">E.1.4. Using a Stack Trace</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#using-log-files">E.1.5. Using Log Files to Find Cause of Errors in <span><strong class="command">mysqld</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#reproduceable-test-case">E.1.6. Making a Test Case If You Experience Table Corruption</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#debugging-client">E.2. Debugging a MySQL Client</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#the-dbug-package">E.3. The DBUG Package</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#rts-threads">E.4. Comments about RTS Threads</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="porting.html#thread-packages">E.5. Differences Between Thread Packages</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="environment-variables.html">F. Environment Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="regexp.html">G. MySQL Regular Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="limits.html">H. Limits in MySQL</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="limits.html#joins-limits">H.1. Limits of Joins</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="restrictions.html">I. Feature Restrictions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="restrictions.html#routine-restrictions">I.1. Restrictions on Stored Routines and Triggers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="restrictions.html#cursor-restrictions">I.2. Restrictions on Server-Side Cursors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="restrictions.html#subquery-restrictions">I.3. Restrictions on Subqueries</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="restrictions.html#view-restrictions">I.4. Restrictions on Views</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="restrictions.html#xa-restrictions">I.5. Restrictions on XA Transactions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="gpl-license.html">J. GNU General Public License</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="mysql-floss-license-exception.html">K. MySQL FLOSS License Exception</a></span></dt><dt><span class="index"><a href="ix01.html">Index</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-tables"><p><b>List of Tables</b></p><dl><dt>23.1. <a href="connectors.html#id3115657">Connection Properties</a></dt><dt>23.2. <a href="connectors.html#id3118358">Conversion Table</a></dt><dt>23.3. <a href="connectors.html#id3118455">MySQL Types to Java Types for ResultSet.getObject()</a></dt><dt>23.4. <a href="connectors.html#id3119044">MySQL to Java Encoding Name Translations</a></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-examples"><p><b>List of Examples</b></p><dl><dt>23.1. <a href="connectors.html#id3114182">Obtaining a Connection From the DriverManager</a></dt><dt>23.2. <a href="connectors.html#id3114285">Using java.sql.Statement to Execute a SELECT Query</a></dt><dt>23.3. <a href="connectors.html#id3114377">Stored Procedure Example</a></dt><dt>23.4. <a href="connectors.html#id3114419">Using Connection.prepareCall()</a></dt><dt>23.5. <a href="connectors.html#id3114488">Registering Output Parameters</a></dt><dt>23.6. <a href="connectors.html#id3114539">Setting CallableStatement Input Parameters</a></dt><dt>23.7. <a href="connectors.html#id3114600">Retrieving Results and Output Parameter Values</a></dt><dt>23.8. <a href="connectors.html#id3114658">Retrieving AUTO_INCREMENT Column Values using
            Statement.getGeneratedKeys()</a></dt><dt>23.9. <a href="connectors.html#id3114727">Retrieving AUTO_INCREMENT Column Values using 'SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()'</a></dt><dt>23.10. <a href="connectors.html#id3114764">Retrieving AUTO_INCREMENT Column Values in Updatable ResultSets</a></dt><dt>23.11. <a href="connectors.html#id3115028">Setting the CLASSPATH Under UNIX</a></dt><dt>23.12. <a href="connectors.html#id3120002">Using a Connection Pool with a J2EE Application Server</a></dt><dt>23.13. <a href="connectors.html#id3120659">Example of transaction with retry logic</a></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="preface.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Preface</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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