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><H1
><A
NAME="function.substr"
>substr</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="refnamediv"
><A
NAME="AEN26760"
></A
>substr -- Return part of a string</DIV
><DIV
CLASS="refsect1"
><A
NAME="AEN26763"
></A
><H2
>Description</H2
><DIV
CLASS="funcsynopsis"
><P
></P
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCDEF"
>string substr</CODE
>(string string, int start, int 
      [<SPAN
CLASS="optional"
>length</SPAN
>]
     );<P
></P
></DIV
><P
>&#13;     Substr returns the portion of <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>string</I
></TT
>
     specified by the <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>start</I
></TT
> and
     <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>length</I
></TT
> parameters.
    </P
><P
>&#13;     If <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>start</I
></TT
> is positive, the returned string
     will start at the <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>start</I
></TT
>'th character of
     <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>string</I
></TT
>.
    </P
><P
>&#13;     Examples:
     <DIV
CLASS="informalexample"
><P
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="programlisting"
>  1&nbsp;
  2&nbsp;$rest = substr ("abcdef", 1);    // returns "bcdef"
  3&nbsp;$rest = substr ("abcdef", 1, 3); // returns "bcd"
  4&nbsp;      </PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
></P
></DIV
>
    </P
><P
>&#13;     If <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>start</I
></TT
> is negative, the returned string
     will start at the <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>start</I
></TT
>'th character
     from the end of <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>string</I
></TT
>.</P
><P
>&#13;     Examples:
     <DIV
CLASS="informalexample"
><P
></P
><TABLE
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><TD
><PRE
CLASS="programlisting"
>  1&nbsp;
  2&nbsp;$rest = substr ("abcdef", -1);    // returns "f"
  3&nbsp;$rest = substr ("abcdef", -2);    // returns "ef"
  4&nbsp;$rest = substr ("abcdef", -3, 1); // returns "d"
  5&nbsp;      </PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
></P
></DIV
>
    </P
><P
>&#13;     If <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>length</I
></TT
> is given and is positive, the
     string returned will end <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>length</I
></TT
> characters
     from <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>start</I
></TT
>. If this would result in a
     string with negative length (because the start is past the end of
     the string), then the returned string will contain the single
     character at <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>start</I
></TT
>.
    </P
><P
>&#13;     If <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>length</I
></TT
> is given and is negative, the
     string returned will end <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>length</I
></TT
> characters
     from the end of <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>string</I
></TT
>. If this would
     result in a string with negative length, then the returned string
     will contain the single character at
     <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>start</I
></TT
>.
    </P
><P
>&#13;     Examples:
     <DIV
CLASS="informalexample"
><P
></P
><TABLE
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><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="programlisting"
>  1&nbsp;
  2&nbsp;$rest = substr ("abcdef", 1, -1); // returns "bcde"
  3&nbsp;      </PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
></P
></DIV
>
    </P
><P
>&#13;     See also <A
HREF="function.strrchr.html"
><B
CLASS="function"
>strrchr()</B
></A
> and
     <A
HREF="function.ereg.html"
><B
CLASS="function"
>ereg()</B
></A
>.
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