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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Module: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">core.magics.osm</span></tt></a><ul>
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<div class="section" id="module-IPython.core.magics.osm">
<span id="module-core-magics-osm"></span><h1>Module: <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">core.magics.osm</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#module-IPython.core.magics.osm" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Implementation of magic functions for interaction with the OS.</p>
<p>Note: this module is named ‘osm’ instead of ‘os’ to avoid a collision with the
builtin.</p>
<div class="section" id="class">
<h2>1 Class<a class="headerlink" href="#class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">IPython.core.magics.osm.</tt><tt class="descname">OSMagics</tt><big>(</big><em>shell=None</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Bases: <a class="reference internal" href="IPython.core.magic.html#IPython.core.magic.Magics" title="IPython.core.magic.Magics"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">IPython.core.magic.Magics</span></tt></a></p>
<p>Magics to interact with the underlying OS (shell-type functionality).</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.alias">
<tt class="descname">alias</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.alias" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Define an alias for a system command.</p>
<p>‘%alias alias_name cmd’ defines ‘alias_name’ as an alias for ‘cmd’</p>
<p>Then, typing ‘alias_name params’ will execute the system command ‘cmd
params’ (from your underlying operating system).</p>
<p>Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal
variables, so if ‘foo’ is both a Python variable and an alias, the
alias can not be executed until ‘del foo’ removes the Python variable.</p>
<p>You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the
whole line when the alias is called. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>In [2]: alias bracket echo "Input in brackets: <%l>"
In [3]: bracket hello world
Input in brackets: <hello world>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one
per parameter):</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s
In [2]: %parts A B
first A second B
In [3]: %parts A
Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.
parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s'
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive. You can only use one or
the other in your aliases.</p>
<p>Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !!
do: all expressions prefixed with ‘$’ get expanded. For details of
the semantic rules, see PEP-215:
<a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html">http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html</a>. This is the library used by
IPython for variable expansion. If you want to access a true shell
variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by
IPython:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>In [6]: alias show echo
In [7]: PATH='A Python string'
In [8]: show $PATH
A Python string
In [9]: show $$PATH
/usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:...
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can use the alias facility to acess all of $PATH. See the %rehash
and %rehashx functions, which automatically create aliases for the
contents of your $PATH.</p>
<p>If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.bang">
<tt class="descname">bang</tt><big>(</big><em>line=''</em>, <em>cell=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.bang" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).</p>
<p>%sx command</p>
<p>IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
return the result formatted as a list (split on ‘n’). Since the
output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython’s regular output
cache Out[N] and in the ‘_N’ automatic variables.</p>
<p>Notes:</p>
<p>1) If an input line begins with ‘!!’, then %sx is automatically
invoked. That is, while:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>!ls
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>causes ipython to simply issue system(‘ls’), typing:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>!!ls
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>is a shorthand equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>%sx ls
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
like ‘%sc -l’. The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
%sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
typing.</p>
<p>3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>.l (or .list) : value as list.
.n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
.s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
system commands.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.bookmark">
<tt class="descname">bookmark</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.bookmark" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Manage IPython’s bookmark system.</p>
<p>%bookmark <name> - set bookmark to current dir
%bookmark <name> <dir> - set bookmark to <dir>
%bookmark -l - list all bookmarks
%bookmark -d <name> - remove bookmark
%bookmark -r - remove all bookmarks</p>
<p>You can later on access a bookmarked folder with:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>%cd -b <name>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>or simply ‘%cd <name>’ if there is no directory called <name> AND
there is such a bookmark defined.</p>
<p>Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are
associated with each profile.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.cd">
<tt class="descname">cd</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.cd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Change the current working directory.</p>
<p>This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories
you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The
command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted. You can also
do ‘cd -<tab>’ to see directory history conveniently.</p>
<p>Usage:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>cd ‘dir’: changes to directory ‘dir’.</p>
<p>cd -: changes to the last visited directory.</p>
<p>cd -<n>: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history.</p>
<p>cd –foo: change to directory that matches ‘foo’ in history</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>cd -b <bookmark_name>: jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark</dt>
<dd><dl class="first last docutils">
<dt>(note: cd <bookmark_name> is enough if there is no</dt>
<dd>directory <bookmark_name>, but a bookmark with the name exists.)
‘cd -b <tab>’ allows you to tab-complete bookmark names.</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div></blockquote>
<p>Options:</p>
<p>-q: quiet. Do not print the working directory after the cd command is
executed. By default IPython’s cd command does print this directory,
since the default prompts do not display path information.</p>
<p>Note that !cd doesn’t work for this purpose because the shell where
!command runs is immediately discarded after executing ‘command’.</p>
<p class="rubric">Examples</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>In [10]: cd parent/child
/home/tsuser/parent/child
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.dhist">
<tt class="descname">dhist</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.dhist" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print your history of visited directories.</p>
<p>%dhist -> print full history%dhist n -> print last n entries only%dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n2 not included)</p>
<p>This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and
always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd -<n>
to go to directory number <n>.</p>
<p>Note that most of time, you should view directory history by entering
cd -<TAB>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.dirs">
<tt class="descname">dirs</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.dirs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the current directory stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.env">
<tt class="descname">env</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.env" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>List environment variables.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.popd">
<tt class="descname">popd</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.popd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.pushd">
<tt class="descname">pushd</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.pushd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Place the current dir on stack and change directory.</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>Usage:</dt>
<dd>%pushd [‘dirname’]</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.pwd">
<tt class="descname">pwd</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.pwd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the current working directory path.</p>
<p class="rubric">Examples</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>In [9]: pwd
Out[9]: '/home/tsuser/sprint/ipython'
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.pycat">
<tt class="descname">pycat</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.pycat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.</p>
<p>This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file
to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting.</p>
<p>This magic command can either take a local filename, an url,
an history range (see %history) or a macro as argument</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>%pycat myscript.py
%pycat 7-27
%pycat myMacro
%pycat http://www.example.com/myscript.py
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.rehashx">
<tt class="descname">rehashx</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.rehashx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.</p>
<p>This version explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file
with execute access (os.X_OK), so it is much slower than %rehash.</p>
<p>Under Windows, it checks executability as a match against a
‘|’-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config
variable win_exec_ext. This defaults to ‘exe|com|bat’.</p>
<p>This function also resets the root module cache of module completer,
used on slow filesystems.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.sc">
<tt class="descname">sc</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.sc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Shell capture - run shell command and capture output (DEPRECATED use !).</p>
<p>DEPRECATED. Suboptimal, retained for backwards compatibility.</p>
<p>You should use the form ‘var = !command’ instead. Example:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>“%sc -l myfiles = ls ~” should now be written as</p>
<p>“myfiles = !ls ~”</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p>myfiles.s, myfiles.l and myfiles.n still apply as documented
below.</p>
<p>–
%sc [options] varname=command</p>
<p>IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
will then update the user’s interactive namespace with a variable
called varname, containing the value of the call. Your command can
contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc.</p>
<p>The ‘=’ sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you
supply must follow Python’s standard conventions for valid names.</p>
<p>(A special format without variable name exists for internal use)</p>
<p>Options:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>-l: list output. Split the output on newlines into a list before
assigning it to the given variable. By default the output is stored
as a single string.</p>
<p>-v: verbose. Print the contents of the variable.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p>In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the
returned value is a special type of string which can automatically
provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a
space-separated string. These are convenient, respectively, either
for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># Capture into variable a
In [1]: sc a=ls *py
# a is a string with embedded newlines
In [2]: a
Out[2]: 'setup.py\nwin32_manual_post_install.py'
# which can be seen as a list:
In [3]: a.l
Out[3]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
# or as a whitespace-separated string:
In [4]: a.s
Out[4]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
# a.s is useful to pass as a single command line:
In [5]: !wc -l $a.s
146 setup.py
130 win32_manual_post_install.py
276 total
# while the list form is useful to loop over:
In [6]: for f in a.l:
...: !wc -l $f
...:
146 setup.py
130 win32_manual_post_install.py
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Similarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in
the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to
automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>In [7]: sc -l b=ls *py
In [8]: b
Out[8]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
In [9]: b.s
Out[9]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In summary, both the lists and strings used for output capture have
the following special attributes:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>.l (or .list) : value as list.
.n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
.s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string.
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.sx">
<tt class="descname">sx</tt><big>(</big><em>line=''</em>, <em>cell=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.sx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).</p>
<p>%sx command</p>
<p>IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
return the result formatted as a list (split on ‘n’). Since the
output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython’s regular output
cache Out[N] and in the ‘_N’ automatic variables.</p>
<p>Notes:</p>
<p>1) If an input line begins with ‘!!’, then %sx is automatically
invoked. That is, while:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>!ls
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>causes ipython to simply issue system(‘ls’), typing:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>!!ls
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>is a shorthand equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>%sx ls
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
like ‘%sc -l’. The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
%sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
typing.</p>
<p>3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>.l (or .list) : value as list.
.n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
.s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
system commands.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.system">
<tt class="descname">system</tt><big>(</big><em>line=''</em>, <em>cell=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.system" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).</p>
<p>%sx command</p>
<p>IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
return the result formatted as a list (split on ‘n’). Since the
output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython’s regular output
cache Out[N] and in the ‘_N’ automatic variables.</p>
<p>Notes:</p>
<p>1) If an input line begins with ‘!!’, then %sx is automatically
invoked. That is, while:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>!ls
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>causes ipython to simply issue system(‘ls’), typing:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>!!ls
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>is a shorthand equivalent to:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>%sx ls
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
like ‘%sc -l’. The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
%sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
typing.</p>
<p>3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>.l (or .list) : value as list.
.n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
.s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
system commands.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.unalias">
<tt class="descname">unalias</tt><big>(</big><em>parameter_s=''</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.unalias" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove an alias</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.writefile">
<tt class="descname">writefile</tt><big>(</big><em>line</em>, <em>cell</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#IPython.core.magics.osm.OSMagics.writefile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>%writefile [-a] filename
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Write the contents of the cell to a file.</p>
<p>The file will be overwritten unless the -a (–append) flag is specified.</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>positional arguments:</dt>
<dd>filename file to write</dd>
<dt>optional arguments:</dt>
<dd><table class="first last docutils option-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="option" />
<col class="description" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="option-group">
<kbd><span class="option">-a</span>, <span class="option">--append</span></kbd></td>
<td>Append contents of the cell to an existing file. The file will
be created if it does not exist.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
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