<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>buzz</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="csound.css" /> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1" /> <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Canonical Csound Reference Manual" /> <link rel="up" href="OpcodesTop.html" title="Orchestra Opcodes and Operators" /> <link rel="prev" href="button.html" title="button" /> <link rel="next" href="cabasa.html" title="cabasa" /> </head> <body> <div class="navheader"> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">buzz</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="button.html">Prev</a> </td> <th width="60%" align="center">Orchestra Opcodes and Operators</th> <td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="cabasa.html">Next</a></td> </tr> </table> <hr /> </div> <div class="refentry" title="buzz"> <a id="buzz"></a> <div class="titlepage"></div> <a id="IndexBuzz" class="indexterm"></a> <div class="refnamediv"> <h2> <span class="refentrytitle">buzz</span> </h2> <p>buzz — Output is a set of harmonically related sine partials. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Description"> <a id="idp15119096"></a> <h2>Description</h2> <p> Output is a set of harmonically related sine partials. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Syntax"> <a id="idp15153528"></a> <h2>Syntax</h2> <pre class="synopsis">ares <span class="command"><strong>buzz</strong></span> xamp, xcps, knh, ifn [, iphs]</pre> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Initialization"> <a id="idp15154624"></a> <h2>Initialization</h2> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>ifn</em></span> -- table number of a stored function containing a sine wave. A large table of at least 8192 points is recommended. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>iphs</em></span> (optional, default=0) -- initial phase of the fundamental frequency, expressed as a fraction of a cycle (0 to 1). A negative value will cause phase initialization to be skipped. The default value is zero </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Performance"> <a id="idp15156520"></a> <h2>Performance</h2> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span> -- amplitude </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>xcps</em></span> -- frequency in cycles per second </p> <p> The <span class="emphasis"><em>buzz</em></span> units generate an additive set of harmonically related cosine partials of fundamental frequency <span class="emphasis"><em>xcps</em></span>, and whose amplitudes are scaled so their summation peak equals <span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span>. The selection and strength of partials is determined by the following control parameters: </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>knh</em></span> -- total number of harmonics requested. New in Csound version 3.57, <span class="emphasis"><em>knh</em></span> defaults to one. If <span class="emphasis"><em>knh</em></span> is negative, the absolute value is used. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>buzz</em></span> and <a class="link" href="gbuzz.html" title="gbuzz"><em class="citetitle">gbuzz</em></a> are useful as complex sound sources in subtractive synthesis. <span class="emphasis"><em>buzz</em></span> is a special case of the more general <span class="emphasis"><em>gbuzz</em></span> in which <span class="emphasis"><em>klh</em></span> = <span class="emphasis"><em>kmul</em></span> = 1; it thus produces a set of <span class="emphasis"><em>knh</em></span> equal-strength harmonic partials, beginning with the fundamental. (This is a band-limited pulse train; if the partials extend to the Nyquist, i.e. <span class="emphasis"><em>knh</em></span> = int (sr / 2 / fundamental freq.), the result is a real pulse train of amplitude <span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span>.) </p> <p> Although <span class="emphasis"><em>knh</em></span> may be varied during performance, its internal value is necessarily integer and may cause <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">pops</span>”</span> due to discontinuities in the output. <span class="emphasis"><em>buzz</em></span> can be amplitude- and/or frequency-modulated by either control or audio signals. </p> <p> N.B. This unit has its analog in <a class="link" href="GEN11.html" title="GEN11"><em class="citetitle">GEN11</em></a>, in which the same set of cosines can be stored in a function table for sampling by an oscillator. Although computationally more efficient, the stored pulse train has a fixed spectral content, not a time-varying one as above. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Examples"> <a id="idp15165336"></a> <h2>Examples</h2> <p> Here is an example of the buzz opcode. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/buzz.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">buzz.csd</em></a>. </p> <div class="example"> <a id="idp15166312"></a> <p class="title"> <strong>Example 89. Example of the buzz opcode.</strong> </p> <div class="example-contents"> <p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p> <pre class="programlisting"> <span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span> <span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span> -odac <span class="comment">;;;RT audio out</span> <span class="comment">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if RT audio input is needed too</span> <span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span> <span class="comment">; -o buzz.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span> <span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100 <span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 32 <span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2 <span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span> <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="oblock">instr</span> 1 kcps <span class="op">=</span> 110 ifn <span class="op">=</span> 1 knh <span class="opc">line</span> p4, p3, p5 asig <span class="opc">buzz</span> 1, kcps, knh, ifn <span class="opc">outs</span> asig, asig <span class="oblock">endin</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span> <span class="comment">;sine wave.</span> <span class="stamnt">f</span> 1 0 16384 10 1 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 0 3 20 20 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 + 3 3 3 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 + 3 10 1 <span class="stamnt">e</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span> <span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span> </pre> </div> </div> <p><br class="example-break" /> </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="See Also"> <a id="idp15168608"></a> <h2>See Also</h2> <p> <a class="link" href="gbuzz.html" title="gbuzz"><em class="citetitle">gbuzz</em></a> </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Credits"> <a id="idp15169656"></a> <h2>Credits</h2> <p>September 2003. Thanks to Kanata Motohashi for correcting the mentions of the <span class="emphasis"><em>kmul</em></span> parameter.</p> </div> </div> <div class="navfooter"> <hr /> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="button.html">Prev</a> </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="u" href="OpcodesTop.html">Up</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="cabasa.html">Next</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">button </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> cabasa</td> </tr> </table> </div> </body> </html>