<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>0dbfs</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="csound.css" /> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1" /> <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Canonical Csound Reference Manual" /> <link rel="up" href="OpcodesTop.html" title="Orchestra Opcodes and Operators" /> <link rel="prev" href="opor.html" title="||" /> <link rel="next" href="opbitshl.html" title="<<" /> </head> <body> <div class="navheader"> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">0dbfs</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="opor.html">Prev</a> </td> <th width="60%" align="center">Orchestra Opcodes and Operators</th> <td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="opbitshl.html">Next</a></td> </tr> </table> <hr /> </div> <div class="refentry" title="0dbfs"> <a id="Zerodbfs"></a> <div class="titlepage"></div> <a id="Index0dbfs" class="indexterm"></a> <div class="refnamediv"> <h2> <span class="refentrytitle">0dbfs</span> </h2> <p>0dbfs — Sets the value of 0 decibels using full scale amplitude. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Description"> <a id="idp12998928"></a> <h2>Description</h2> <p> Sets the value of 0 decibels using full scale amplitude. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Syntax"> <a id="idp12999680"></a> <h2>Syntax</h2> <pre class="synopsis"><span class="command"><strong>0dbfs</strong></span> = iarg</pre> <pre class="synopsis"><span class="command"><strong>0dbfs</strong></span> </pre> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Initialization"> <a id="idp13010688"></a> <h2>Initialization</h2> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>iarg</em></span> -- the value of 0 decibels using full scale amplitude. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Performance"> <a id="idp13011640"></a> <h2>Performance</h2> <p> The default is 32767, so all existing orcs <span class="emphasis"><em>should</em></span> work. </p> <p> Amplitude values in Csound are always relative to a "<a class="link" href="Zerodbfs.html" title="0dbfs"><em class="citetitle">0dbfs</em></a>" value representing the peak available amplitude before clipping. In the original Csound, this value was always 32767, corresponding to the bipolar range of a 16bit soundfile or 16bit AD/DA codec. This remains the <span class="emphasis"><em>default</em></span> peak amplitude for Csound, for backward compatibility. The <a class="link" href="Zerodbfs.html" title="0dbfs"><em class="citetitle">0dbfs</em></a> value enables Csound to produce appropriately scaled values to whatever output format is being used, whether 16bit integer, 24bit integer, 32bit floats, or even 32bit integers. </p> <p> OdBFS can be defined in the header, to set the amplitude reference Csound will use, but it can also be used as a varible inside instruments like this: </p> <div class="informalexample"> <pre class="programlisting">ipeak <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span></pre> </div> <p> </p> <div class="informalexample"> <pre class="programlisting"> asig <span class="opc">oscil</span> <span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span>, freq, 1 <span class="opc">out</span> asig * 0.3 * <span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span></pre> </div> <p> </p> <p> The purpose of the <span class="emphasis"><em>0dbfs</em></span> opcode is for people to start to code 0dbfs-relatively (and use the <a class="link" href="ampdbfs.html" title="ampdbfs"><em class="citetitle">ampdbfs()</em></a> opcodes a lot more!), rather than use explicit sample values. Using 0dbfs=1 is in accordance to industry practice, as ranges from -1 to 1 are used in most commercial plugin formats and in most other synthesis systems like Pure Data. </p> <p> Floats written to a file, when <span class="emphasis"><em>0dbfs = 1</em></span>, will in effect go through no range translation at all. So the numbers in the file are exactly what the orc says they are. </p> <p>For more details on amplitude values in Csound, see the section <a class="link" href="UsingDesign.html#AmplitudeCsound" title="Amplitude values in Csound"><em class="citetitle">Amplitude values in Csound</em></a></p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Example"> <a id="idp13059328"></a> <h2>Example</h2> <p> Here is an example of the 0dbfs opcode. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/0dbfs.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">0dbfs.csd</em></a>. </p> <div class="example"> <a id="idp13060848"></a> <p class="title"> <strong>Example 31. Example of the 0dbfs opcode.</strong> </p> <div class="example-contents"> <p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p> <pre class="programlisting"> <span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span> <span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span> <span class="comment">; Audio out Audio in No messages</span> -odac -iadc -d <span class="comment">;;;RT audio I/O</span> <span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span> <span class="comment">; -o 0dbfs.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span> <span class="comment">; Initialize the global variables.</span> <span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100 <span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 10 <span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2 <span class="comment">; Set the 0dbfs to 1.</span> <span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span> <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="oblock">instr</span> 1 <span class="comment">; from linear amplitude (0-1 range)</span> <span class="opc">print</span> p4 a1 <span class="opc">oscil</span> p4, 440, 1 <span class="opc">outs</span> a1, a1 <span class="oblock">endin</span> <span class="oblock">instr</span> 2 <span class="comment">; from linear amplitude (0-32767 range)</span> iamp <span class="op">=</span> p4 <span class="op">/</span> 32767 <span class="opc">print</span> iamp a1 <span class="opc">oscil</span> iamp, 440, 1 <span class="opc">outs</span> a1, a1 <span class="oblock">endin</span> <span class="oblock">instr</span> 3 <span class="comment">; from dB FS</span> iamp <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">ampdbfs</span>(p4) <span class="opc">print</span> iamp a1 <span class="opc">oscil</span> iamp, 440, 1 <span class="opc">outs</span> a1, a1 <span class="oblock">endin</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span> <span class="comment">; Table #1, a sine wave.</span> <span class="stamnt">f</span> 1 0 16384 10 1 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 0 1 1 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 + 1 0.5 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 + 1 0.1 <span class="stamnt">s</span> <span class="stamnt">i</span> 2 0 1 32767 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 2 + 1 [32767/2] <span class="stamnt">i</span> 2 + 1 [3276.7] <span class="stamnt">s</span> <span class="stamnt">i</span> 3 0 1 0 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 3 + 1 -6 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 3 + 1 -20 <span class="stamnt">e</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span> <span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span> </pre> </div> </div> <p><br class="example-break" /> </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="See also"> <a id="idp13063136"></a> <h2>See also</h2> <p> <a class="link" href="ampdbfs.html" title="ampdbfs"> <em class="citetitle">ampdbfs()</em> </a> </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Credits"> <a id="idp13064040"></a> <h2>Credits</h2> <p> </p> <table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"> <tr> <td>Author: Richard Dobson</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 2002</td> </tr> </table> <p> </p> <p>New in version 4.10</p> </div> </div> <div class="navfooter"> <hr /> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="opor.html">Prev</a> </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="u" href="OpcodesTop.html">Up</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="opbitshl.html">Next</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">|| </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> <<</td> </tr> </table> </div> </body> </html>