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<h2 class="title"><a id="SignalFlowGraphOpcodes"></a>
Signal Flow Graph Opcodes
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<p>
These opcodes enable the use of signal flow graphs
(AKA asynchronous data flow graphs) in Csound orchestras.
Signals flow from the outlets of source instruments
and are summed in the inlets of sink instruments.
Signals may be krate, arate, or frate.
Any number of outlets may be connected to any number of inlets.
When a new instance of an instrument is instantiated during performance,
the declared connections also are automatically instantiated.
</p>
<p>
Signal flow graphs simplify the construction of complex mixers,
signal processing chains, and the like. They also simplify the re-use
of "plug and play" instrument definitions and even entire sub-orchestras,
which can simply be #included and then "plugged in" to existing orchestras.
</p>
<p>
Note that inlets and outlets are defined in instruments without reference
to how they are connected. Connections are defined in the orchestra header.
It is this separation that enables plug-in instruments.
</p>
<p>
Inlets must be named. Instruments may be named or numbered, but in
either case each source instrument must be defined
in the orchestra before any of its sinks. Naming instruments makes
it easier to connect outlets and inlets in any higher-level orchestra
to inlets and outlets in any lower-level #included orchestra.
</p>
<p>
The signal flow graph opcodes include:
<a class="link" href="outleta.html" title="outleta"><em class="citetitle">outleta</em></a>, for
sending an arate signal from any instrument out a named port.
<a class="link" href="outletk.html" title="outletk"><em class="citetitle">outletk</em></a>, for
sending a krate signal from any instrument out a named port.
<a class="link" href="outletkid.html" title="outletkid"><em class="citetitle">outletkid</em></a>,
similar to outletk, but receiving a krate signal only from an identified instance of a port.
<a class="link" href="outletf.html" title="outletf"><em class="citetitle">outletf</em></a>, for
sending an frate signal from any instrument out a named port.
<a class="link" href="inleta.html" title="inleta"><em class="citetitle">inleta</em></a>, for
receiving an arate signal through a named port.
<a class="link" href="inletk.html" title="inletk"><em class="citetitle">inletk</em></a>, for
receiving a krate signal through a named port.
<a class="link" href="inletkid.html" title="inletkid"><em class="citetitle">inletkid</em></a>,
similiar to inletk, but transmitting a signal only between inlet and outlet opcodes
.
<a class="link" href="inletf.html" title="inletf"><em class="citetitle">inletf</em></a>, for
receiving an frate signal through a named port.
<a class="link" href="connect.html" title="connect"><em class="citetitle">connect</em></a>, for
routing the signal from a named outlet in a source instrument
to a named inlet in a sink instrument.
<a class="link" href="alwayson.html" title="alwayson"><em class="citetitle">alwayson</em></a> for
permanently activating an instrument from the orchestra header,
without need of a score statement, e.g. for use as an effect processor
receiving inputs from a number of sources.
<a class="link" href="ftgenonce.html" title="ftgenonce"><em class="citetitle">ftgenonce</em></a> for
instantiating function tables from within instrument definitions, without
need for f-statements in the score or ftgen opcodes in the orchestra header.
</p>
<p>
A typical scenario for the use of these opcodes would be something like this.
A set of instruments would be defined, each in its own orchestra file, and
each instrument would define inlet ports, outlet ports, and function tables within itself. Such
instruments are completely self-contained. Then, a set of effects processors, such
as equalizers, reverbs, compressors, and so on, would also be defined, each in its
own file. Then, a customized master orchestra would #include the instruments
and effects to be used, route the outputs of some instruments into one equalizer
and the outputs of other effects into another equalizer, then route the outputs of
both equalizers into a reverb, the output of the reverb into a compressor, and
the output of the compressor into a stereo output soundfile.
</p>
<div class="refsect1" title="Example">
<a id="idp12018168"></a>
<h2>Example</h2>
<p>
Here is an example of the signal flow graph opcodes. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/signalflowgraph.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">signalflowgraph.csd</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idp12019768"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 7. Example of the signal flow graph opcodes.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span>
<span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span>
<span class="comment">; Audio out Audio in No messages</span>
-odac -iadc -d <span class="comment">;;;RT audio I/O</span>
<span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span>
<span class="comment">; -o madsr.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span> Written by Michael Gogins <span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
<span class="comment">; Initialize the global variables.</span>
<span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100
<span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 100
<span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2
<span class="comment">; Connect up the instruments to create a signal flow graph.</span>
<span class="opc">connect</span> "SimpleSine", "leftout", "Reverberator", "leftin"
<span class="opc">connect</span> "SimpleSine", "rightout", "Reverberator", "rightin"
<span class="opc">connect</span> "Moogy", "leftout", "Reverberator", "leftin"
<span class="opc">connect</span> "Moogy", "rightout", "Reverberator", "rightin"
<span class="opc">connect</span> "Reverberator", "leftout", "Compressor", "leftin"
<span class="opc">connect</span> "Reverberator", "rightout", "Compressor", "rightin"
<span class="opc">connect</span> "Compressor", "leftout", "Soundfile", "leftin"
<span class="opc">connect</span> "Compressor", "rightout", "Soundfile", "rightin"
<span class="comment">; Turn on the "effect" units in the signal flow graph.</span>
<span class="opc">alwayson</span> "Reverberator", 0.91, 12000
<span class="opc">alwayson</span> "Compressor"
<span class="opc">alwayson</span> "Soundfile"
<span class="oblock">instr</span> SimpleSine
ihz <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">cpsmidinn</span>(p4)
iamplitude <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">ampdb</span>(p5)
<span class="opc">print</span> ihz, iamplitude
<span class="comment">; Use ftgenonce instead of ftgen, ftgentmp, or f statement.</span>
isine <span class="opc">ftgenonce</span> 0, 0, 4096, 10, 1
a1 <span class="opc">oscili</span> iamplitude, ihz, isine
aenv <span class="opc">madsr</span> 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.2
asignal <span class="op">=</span> a1 <span class="op">*</span> aenv
<span class="comment">; Stereo audio outlet to be routed in the orchestra header.</span>
<span class="opc">outleta</span> "leftout", asignal <span class="op">*</span> 0.25
<span class="opc">outleta</span> "rightout", asignal <span class="op">*</span> 0.75
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="oblock">instr</span> Moogy
ihz <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">cpsmidinn</span>(p4)
iamplitude <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">ampdb</span>(p5)
<span class="comment">; Use ftgenonce instead of ftgen, ftgentmp, or f statement.</span>
isine <span class="opc">ftgenonce</span> 0, 0, 4096, 10, 1
asignal <span class="opc">vco</span> iamplitude, ihz, 1, 0.5, isine
kfco <span class="opc">line</span> 200, p3, 2000
krez <span class="opc">init</span> 0.9
asignal <span class="opc">moogvcf</span> asignal, kfco, krez, 100000
<span class="comment">; Stereo audio outlet to be routed in the orchestra header.</span>
<span class="opc">outleta</span> "leftout", asignal <span class="op">*</span> 0.75
<span class="opc">outleta</span> "rightout", asignal <span class="op">*</span> 0.25
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="oblock">instr</span> Reverberator
<span class="comment">; Stereo input.</span>
aleftin <span class="opc">inleta</span> "leftin"
arightin <span class="opc">inleta</span> "rightin"
idelay <span class="op">=</span> p4
icutoff <span class="op">=</span> p5
aleftout, arightout <span class="opc">reverbsc</span> aleftin, arightin, idelay, icutoff
<span class="comment">; Stereo output.</span>
<span class="opc">outleta</span> "leftout", aleftout
<span class="opc">outleta</span> "rightout", arightout
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="oblock">instr</span> Compressor
<span class="comment">; Stereo input.</span>
aleftin <span class="opc">inleta</span> "leftin"
arightin <span class="opc">inleta</span> "rightin"
kthreshold <span class="op">=</span> 25000
icomp1 <span class="op">=</span> 0.5
icomp2 <span class="op">=</span> 0.763
irtime <span class="op">=</span> 0.1
iftime <span class="op">=</span> 0.1
aleftout <span class="opc">dam</span> aleftin, kthreshold, icomp1, icomp2, irtime, iftime
arightout <span class="opc">dam</span> arightin, kthreshold, icomp1, icomp2, irtime, iftime
<span class="comment">; Stereo output.</span>
<span class="opc">outleta</span> "leftout", aleftout
<span class="opc">outleta</span> "rightout", arightout
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="oblock">instr</span> Soundfile
<span class="comment">; Stereo input.</span>
aleftin <span class="opc">inleta</span> "leftin"
arightin <span class="opc">inleta</span> "rightin"
<span class="opc">outs</span> aleftin, arightin
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span>
<span class="comment">; Not necessary to activate "effects" or create f-tables in the score!</span>
<span class="comment">; Overlapping notes to create new instances of instruments.</span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span> "S<span class="stamnt">i</span>mpleS<span class="stamnt">i</span>ne" 1 5 60 85
<span class="stamnt">i</span> "S<span class="stamnt">i</span>mpleS<span class="stamnt">i</span>ne" 2 5 64 80
<span class="stamnt">i</span> "Moogy" 3 5 67 75
<span class="stamnt">i</span> "Moogy" 4 5 71 70
<span class="stamnt">e</span> 1
<span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
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