<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>vco2</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="csound.css" /> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1" /> <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Canonical Csound Reference Manual" /> <link rel="up" href="OpcodesTop.html" title="Orchestra Opcodes and Operators" /> <link rel="prev" href="vco.html" title="vco" /> <link rel="next" href="vco2ft.html" title="vco2ft" /> </head> <body> <div class="navheader"> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">vco2</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="vco.html">Prev</a> </td> <th width="60%" align="center">Orchestra Opcodes and Operators</th> <td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="vco2ft.html">Next</a></td> </tr> </table> <hr /> </div> <div class="refentry" title="vco2"> <a id="vco2"></a> <div class="titlepage"></div> <a id="IndexVco2" class="indexterm"></a> <div class="refnamediv"> <h2> <span class="refentrytitle">vco2</span> </h2> <p>vco2 — Implementation of a band-limited oscillator using pre-calculated tables. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Description"> <a id="idp50880928"></a> <h2>Description</h2> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>vco2</em></span> is similar to <a class="link" href="vco.html" title="vco"><em class="citetitle">vco</em></a>. But the implementation uses pre-calculated tables of band-limited waveforms (see also <a class="link" href="GEN30.html" title="GEN30"><em class="citetitle">GEN30</em></a>) rather than integrating impulses. This opcode can be faster than <span class="emphasis"><em>vco</em></span> (especially if a low control-rate is used) and also allows better sound quality. Additionally, there are more waveforms and oscillator phase can be modulated at k-rate. The disadvantage is increased memory usage. For more details about vco2 tables, see also <a class="link" href="vco2init.html" title="vco2init"><em class="citetitle">vco2init</em></a> and <a class="link" href="vco2ft.html" title="vco2ft"><em class="citetitle">vco2ft</em></a>. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Syntax"> <a id="idp50886400"></a> <h2>Syntax</h2> <pre class="synopsis">ares <span class="command"><strong>vco2</strong></span> kamp, kcps [, imode] [, kpw] [, kphs] [, inyx]</pre> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Initialization"> <a id="idp50940488"></a> <h2>Initialization</h2> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>imode</em></span> (optional, default=0) -- a sum of values representing the waveform and its control values. </p> <p> One may use any of the following values for <span class="emphasis"><em>imode</em></span>: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"> <li class="listitem"> <p>16: enable k-rate phase control (if set, <span class="emphasis"><em>kphs</em></span> is a required k-rate parameter that allows phase modulation)</p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p>1: skip initialization</p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> </p> <p> One may use exactly one of these <span class="emphasis"><em>imode</em></span> values to select the waveform to be generated: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"> <li class="listitem"> <p>14: user defined waveform -1 (requires using the <a class="link" href="vco2init.html" title="vco2init"><em class="citetitle">vco2init</em></a> opcode)</p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p>12: triangle (no ramp, faster)</p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p>10: square wave (no PWM, faster)</p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p>8: 4 * x * (1 - x) (i.e. integrated sawtooth)</p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p>6: pulse (not normalized)</p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p>4: sawtooth / triangle / ramp</p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p>2: square / PWM</p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p>0: sawtooth</p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> </p> <p> The default value for <span class="emphasis"><em>imode</em></span> is zero, which means a sawtooth wave with no k-rate phase control. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>inyx</em></span> (optional, default=0.5) -- bandwidth of the generated waveform, as percentage (0 to 1) of the sample rate. The expected range is 0 to 0.5 (i.e. up to <a class="link" href="sr.html" title="sr"><em class="citetitle">sr</em></a>/2), other values are limited to the allowed range. </p> <p> Setting <span class="emphasis"><em>inyx</em></span> to 0.25 (<span class="emphasis"><em>sr</em></span>/4), or 0.3333 (<span class="emphasis"><em>sr</em></span>/3) can produce a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">fatter</span>”</span> sound in some cases, although it is more likely to reduce quality. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Performance"> <a id="idp50949208"></a> <h2>Performance</h2> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>ares </em></span> -- the output audio signal. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>kamp</em></span> -- amplitude scale. In the case of a <span class="emphasis"><em>imode</em></span> waveform value of 6 (a pulse waveform), the actual output level can be a lot higher than this value. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>kcps</em></span> -- frequency in Hz (should be in the range -<span class="emphasis"><em>sr</em></span>/2 to <span class="emphasis"><em>sr</em></span>/2). </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>kpw</em></span> (optional) -- the pulse width of the square wave (<span class="emphasis"><em>imode</em></span> waveform=2) or the ramp characteristics of the triangle wave (<span class="emphasis"><em>imode</em></span> waveform=4). It is required only by these waveforms and ignored in all other cases. The expected range is 0 to 1, any other value is wrapped to the allowed range. </p> <div class="warning" title="Warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"> <table border="0" summary="Warning: Warning"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"> <img alt="[Warning]" src="images/warning.png" /> </td> <th align="left">Warning</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>kpw</em></span> must not be an exact integer value (e.g. 0 or 1) if a sawtooth / triangle / ramp (<span class="emphasis"><em>imode</em></span> waveform=4) is generated. In this case, the recommended range is about 0.01 to 0.99. There is no such limitation for a square/PWM waveform. </p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>kphs</em></span> (optional) -- oscillator phase (depending on <span class="emphasis"><em>imode</em></span>, this can be either an optional i-rate parameter that defaults to zero or required k-rate). Similarly to <span class="emphasis"><em>kpw</em></span>, the expected range is 0 to 1. </p> <div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"> <table border="0" summary="Note: Note"> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"> <img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png" /> </td> <th align="left">Note</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"> <p> When a low control-rate is used, pulse width (<span class="emphasis"><em>kpw</em></span>) and phase (<span class="emphasis"><em>kphs</em></span>) modulation is internally converted to frequency modulation. This allows for faster processing and reduced artifacts. But in the case of very long notes and continuous fast changes in <span class="emphasis"><em>kpw</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>kphs</em></span>, the phase may drift away from the requested value. In most cases, the phase error is at most 0.037 per hour (assuming a sample rate of 44100 Hz). </p> <p> This is a problem mainly in the case of pulse width (<span class="emphasis"><em>kpw</em></span>), where it may result in various artifacts. While future releases of <span class="emphasis"><em>vco2</em></span> may fix such errors, the following work-arounds may also be of some help: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"> <li class="listitem"> <p>Use <span class="emphasis"><em>kpw</em></span> values only in the range 0.05 to 0.95. (There are more artifacts around integer values)</p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p>Try to avoid modulating <span class="emphasis"><em>kpw</em></span> by asymmetrical waveforms like a sawtooth wave. Relatively slow (<= 20 Hz) symmetrical modulation (e.g. sine or triangle), random splines (also slow), or a fixed pulse width is a lot less likely to cause synchronization problems. </p> </li> <li class="listitem"> <p>In some cases, adding random jitter (for example: random splines with an amplitude of about 0.01) to <span class="emphasis"><em>kpw</em></span> may also fix the problem.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> </p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Examples"> <a id="idp50960160"></a> <h2>Examples</h2> <p> Here is an example of the vco2 opcode. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/vco2.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">vco2.csd</em></a>. </p> <div class="example"> <a id="idp50961128"></a> <p class="title"> <strong>Example 930. Example of the vco2 opcode.</strong> </p> <div class="example-contents"> <p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p> <pre class="programlisting"> <span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span> <span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span> <span class="comment">; Audio out Audio in No messages</span> -odac -iadc -d <span class="comment">;;;RT audio I/O</span> <span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span> <span class="comment">; -o vco2.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span> <span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100 <span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 10 <span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="comment">; user defined waveform -1: trapezoid wave with default parameters (can be</span> <span class="comment">; accessed at ftables starting from 10000)</span> itmp <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 1, 0, 16384, 7, 0, 2048, 1, 4096, 1, 4096, <span class="op">-</span>1, 4096, <span class="op">-</span>1, 2048, 0 ift <span class="opc">vco2init</span> <span class="op">-</span>1, 10000, 0, 0, 0, 1 <span class="comment">; user defined waveform -2: fixed table size (4096), number of partials</span> <span class="comment">; multiplier is 1.02 (~238 tables)</span> itmp <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 2, 0, 16384, 7, 1, 4095, 1, 1, <span class="op">-</span>1, 4095, <span class="op">-</span>1, 1, 0, 8192, 0 ift <span class="opc">vco2init</span> <span class="op">-</span>2, ift, 1.02, 4096, 4096, 2 <span class="oblock">instr</span> 1 kcps <span class="opc">expon</span> p4, p3, p5 <span class="comment">; instr 1: basic vco2 example</span> a1 <span class="opc">vco2</span> 12000, kcps <span class="comment">; (sawtooth wave with default</span> <span class="opc">out</span> a1 <span class="comment">; parameters)</span> <span class="oblock">endin</span> <span class="oblock">instr</span> 2 kcps <span class="opc">expon</span> p4, p3, p5 <span class="comment">; instr 2:</span> kpw <span class="opc">linseg</span> 0.1, p3<span class="op">/</span>2, 0.9, p3<span class="op">/</span>2, 0.1 <span class="comment">; PWM example</span> a1 <span class="opc">vco2</span> 10000, kcps, 2, kpw <span class="opc">out</span> a1 <span class="oblock">endin</span> <span class="oblock">instr</span> 3 kcps <span class="opc">expon</span> p4, p3, p5 <span class="comment">; instr 3: vco2 with user</span> a1 <span class="opc">vco2</span> 14000, kcps, 14 <span class="comment">; defined waveform (-1)</span> aenv <span class="opc">linseg</span> 1, p3 <span class="op">-</span> 0.1, 1, 0.1, 0 <span class="comment">; de-click envelope</span> <span class="opc">out</span> a1 <span class="op">*</span> aenv <span class="oblock">endin</span> <span class="oblock">instr</span> 4 kcps <span class="opc">expon</span> p4, p3, p5 <span class="comment">; instr 4: vco2ft example,</span> kfn <span class="opc">vco2ft</span> kcps, <span class="op">-</span>2, 0.25 <span class="comment">; with user defined waveform</span> a1 <span class="opc">oscilikt</span> 12000, kcps, kfn <span class="comment">; (-2), and sr/4 bandwidth</span> <span class="opc">out</span> a1 <span class="oblock">endin</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span> <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 0 3 20 2000 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 2 4 2 200 400 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 3 7 3 400 20 <span class="stamnt">i</span> 4 11 2 100 200 <span class="stamnt">f</span> 0 14 <span class="stamnt">e</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span> <span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span> </pre> </div> </div> <p><br class="example-break" /> </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="See Also"> <a id="idp50963392"></a> <h2>See Also</h2> <p> <a class="link" href="vco.html" title="vco"><em class="citetitle">vco</em></a>, <a class="link" href="vco2ft.html" title="vco2ft"><em class="citetitle">vco2ft</em></a>, <a class="link" href="vco2ift.html" title="vco2ift"><em class="citetitle">vco2ift</em></a>, and <a class="link" href="vco2init.html" title="vco2init"><em class="citetitle">vco2init</em></a>. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Credits"> <a id="idp50965840"></a> <h2>Credits</h2> <p>Author: Istvan Varga</p> <p>New in version 4.22</p> </div> </div> <div class="navfooter"> <hr /> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="vco.html">Prev</a> </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="u" href="OpcodesTop.html">Up</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="vco2ft.html">Next</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">vco </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> vco2ft</td> </tr> </table> </div> </body> </html>