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<h2>
<span class="refentrytitle">-</span>
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<p>- —
Subtraction operator.
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<div class="refsect1" title="Description">
<a id="idp12767400"></a>
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>
Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in
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<p><br />
a + b * c.<br />
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<p>
In such cases three rules apply:
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<p>
1. * and <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as
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<p> <br />
a + (b * c)<br />
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<p>
with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.
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<p>
2. <span class="emphasis"><em>+</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>−</em></span> bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:
</p>
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<p> <br />
a && b - c || d<br />
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<p>
is taken as
</p>
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<p> <br />
(a && (b - c)) || d<br />
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<p>
</p>
<p>
3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:
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<p> <br />
a - b - c<br />
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<p>
is taken as
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<p> <br />
(a - b) - c<br />
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<p>
</p>
<p>
Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.
</p>
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<div class="refsect1" title="Syntax">
<a id="idp12821376"></a>
<h2>Syntax</h2>
<pre class="synopsis"><span class="command"><strong>−</strong></span>a (no rate restriction)</pre>
<pre class="synopsis">a <span class="command"><strong>−</strong></span> b (no rate restriction)</pre>
<p>
where the arguments <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span> may be further expressions.
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<div class="refsect1" title="Examples">
<a id="idp12823776"></a>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>
Here is an example of the - operator. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/subtracts.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">subtracts.csd</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idp12824768"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 25. Example of the - operator.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span>
<span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span>
<span class="comment">; Audio out Audio in No messages</span>
-odac <span class="comment">;;;realtime audio I/O</span>
<span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span>
<span class="comment">; -o -.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100
<span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 32
<span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2
<span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span> <span class="op">=</span> 1
<span class="oblock">instr</span> 1
idur <span class="op">=</span> p3
iatt <span class="op">=</span> p4
idec <span class="op">=</span> p5
isus <span class="op">=</span> p3<span class="op">-</span>iatt<span class="op">-</span>idec <span class="comment">;calculate sustain time from subtracting attack and decay</span>
<span class="opc">printf_i</span> "sutain time<span class="op">=</span> note duration <span class="op">-</span> attack <span class="op">-</span> decay <span class="op">-</span><span class="op">-</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="op">%</span>.1f<span class="op">-</span><span class="op">%</span>.1f<span class="op">-</span><span class="op">%</span>.1f <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>.1f\n", 1, idur, iatt, idec, isus
kenv <span class="opc">expseg</span> 0.01, iatt, 1, isus, 1, idec, 0.01 <span class="comment">;envelope</span>
asig <span class="opc">poscil</span> 1<span class="op">*</span>kenv, 200, 1
<span class="opc">outs</span> asig, asig
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span>
<span class="stamnt">f</span> 1 0 4096 10 1 <span class="comment">;sine wave</span>
<span class="comment">; attack decay</span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 0 3 .1 .2
<span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 4 3 .5 1.5
<span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 8 5 4 .5
<span class="stamnt">e</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
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<p><br class="example-break" />
Its output should include lines like these:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> 3.0-0.1-0.2 = 2.7
sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> 3.0-0.5-1.5 = 1.0
sutain time= note duration - attack - decay --> 5.0-4.0-0.5 = 0.5</pre>
<p>
</p>
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<div class="refsect1" title="See Also">
<a id="idp12827704"></a>
<h2>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a class="link" href="adds.html" title="+"><em class="citetitle">+</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="opand.html" title="&&"><em class="citetitle">&&</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="opor.html" title="||"><em class="citetitle">||</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="multiplies.html" title="*"><em class="citetitle">*</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="divides.html" title="/"><em class="citetitle">/</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="raises.html" title="^"><em class="citetitle">^</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="modulus.html" title="%"><em class="citetitle">%</em></a>
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