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<div class="refentry" title="semitone">
<a id="semitone"></a>
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<a id="IndexSemitone" class="indexterm"></a>
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<h2>
<span class="refentrytitle">semitone</span>
</h2>
<p>semitone —
Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of semitones.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Description">
<a id="idp41813888"></a>
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>
Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of semitones.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Syntax">
<a id="idp41814688"></a>
<h2>Syntax</h2>
<pre class="synopsis"><span class="command"><strong>semitone</strong></span>(x)</pre>
<p>
This function works at a-rate, i-rate, and k-rate.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Initialization">
<a id="idp41825488"></a>
<h2>Initialization</h2>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> -- a value expressed in semitones.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Performance">
<a id="idp41826384"></a>
<h2>Performance</h2>
<p>
The value returned by the <span class="emphasis"><em>semitone</em></span> function is a factor. You can multiply a frequency by this factor to raise/lower it by the given amount of semitones.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Examples">
<a id="idp41868488"></a>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>
Here is an example of the semitone opcode. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/semitone.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">semitone.csd</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idp41869464"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 750. Example of the semitone opcode.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span>
<span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span>
-odac <span class="comment">;;;realtime audio out</span>
<span class="comment">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if realtime audio input is needed too</span>
<span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span>
<span class="comment">; -o semitone.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100
<span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 32
<span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2
<span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span> <span class="op">=</span> 1
<span class="oblock">instr</span> 1
iroot <span class="op">=</span> 440 <span class="comment">; root note is A above middle-C (440 Hz)</span>
ksem <span class="opc">lfo</span> 12, .5, 5 <span class="comment">; generate sawtooth, go from 5 octaves higher to root</span>
ksm <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">int</span>(ksem) <span class="comment">; produce only whole numbers</span>
kfactor <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">semitone</span>(ksm) <span class="comment">; for semitones</span>
knew <span class="op">=</span> iroot <span class="op">*</span> kfactor
<span class="opc">printk2</span> knew
<span class="opc">printk2</span> kfactor
asig <span class="opc">pluck</span> 1, knew, 1000, 0, 1
asig <span class="opc">dcblock</span> asig <span class="comment">;remove DC</span>
<span class="opc">outs</span> asig, asig
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 0 5
<span class="stamnt">e</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><br class="example-break" />
Its output should include lines like:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
i1 880.00000
i1 2.00000
i1 830.65625
i1 1.88786
i1 783.94665
i1 1.78170
i1 739.98885
i1 1.68179
i1 698.49586
i1 1.58749
i1 659.21793
i1 1.49822
i1 622.25397
i1 1.41421
i1 587.36267
i1 1.33492
i1 554.33399
i1 1.25985
i1 523.25113
i1 1.18921
i1 493.91116
i1 1.12253
i1 466.13747
i1 1.05940
i1 440.00000
i1 1.00000
.......
</pre>
<p>
</p>
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<div class="refsect1" title="See Also">
<a id="idp41872912"></a>
<h2>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a class="link" href="cent.html" title="cent"><em class="citetitle">cent</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="db.html" title="db"><em class="citetitle">db</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="octave.html" title="octave"><em class="citetitle">octave</em></a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Credits">
<a id="idp41874928"></a>
<h2>Credits</h2>
<p>New in version 4.16</p>
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