<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>^</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="csound.css" /> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1" /> <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Canonical Csound Reference Manual" /> <link rel="up" href="OpcodesTop.html" title="Orchestra Opcodes and Operators" /> <link rel="prev" href="equals.html" title="==" /> <link rel="next" href="opor.html" title="||" /> </head> <body> <div class="navheader"> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">^</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="equals.html">Prev</a> </td> <th width="60%" align="center">Orchestra Opcodes and Operators</th> <td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="opor.html">Next</a></td> </tr> </table> <hr /> </div> <div class="refentry" title="^"> <a id="raises"></a> <div class="titlepage"></div> <a id="IndexCirc" class="indexterm"></a> <div class="refnamediv"> <h2> <span class="refentrytitle">^</span> </h2> <p>^ — <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Power of</span>”</span> operator. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Description"> <a id="idp12920920"></a> <h2>Description</h2> <p> Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in </p> <div class="literallayout"> <p><br /> a + b * c.<br /> </p> </div> <p> </p> <p> In such cases three rules apply: </p> <p> 1. * and <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as </p> <div class="literallayout"> <p> <br /> a + (b * c)<br /> </p> </div> <p> with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c. </p> <p> 2. <span class="emphasis"><em>+</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>−</em></span> bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||: </p> <div class="literallayout"> <p> <br /> a && b - c || d<br /> </p> </div> <p> is taken as </p> <div class="literallayout"> <p> <br /> (a && (b - c)) || d<br /> </p> </div> <p> </p> <p> 3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right: </p> <div class="literallayout"> <p> <br /> a - b - c<br /> </p> </div> <p> is taken as </p> <div class="literallayout"> <p> <br /> (a - b) - c<br /> </p> </div> <p> </p> <p> Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings. </p> <p> The operator <span class="emphasis"><em>^</em></span> raises <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> to the <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span> power. <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span> may not be audio-rate. Use with caution as precedence may not work correctly. See <a class="link" href="pow.html" title="pow"><em class="citetitle">pow</em></a>. (New in Csound version 3.493.) </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Syntax"> <a id="idp12977960"></a> <h2>Syntax</h2> <pre class="synopsis">a <span class="command"><strong>^</strong></span> b (b not audio-rate)</pre> <p> where the arguments <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span> may be further expressions. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Examples"> <a id="idp12979720"></a> <h2>Examples</h2> <p> Here is an example of the ^ operator. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/raises.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">raises.csd</em></a>. </p> <div class="example"> <a id="idp12980728"></a> <p class="title"> <strong>Example 29. Example of the ^ operator.</strong> </p> <div class="example-contents"> <p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p> <pre class="programlisting"> <span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span> <span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span> -odac <span class="comment">;;;realtime audio out</span> <span class="comment">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if RT audio input is needed too</span> <span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span> <span class="comment">;-o ^.wav ; output to audio file</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span> <span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100 <span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 32 <span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2 <span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span> <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="oblock">instr</span> 1 <span class="comment">; Lo-Fi sound</span> kpow <span class="op">=</span> 10 <span class="comment">;exponent</span> kbase <span class="opc">line</span> 1, p3, 2.2 <span class="comment">;vary the base</span> kQuantize <span class="op">=</span> kbase^kpow kQuantize <span class="op">=</span> kQuantize<span class="op">*</span>0.5 <span class="comment">;half the number of steps for each side of a bipolar signal</span> <span class="opc">printk2</span> kQuantize asig <span class="opc">diskin2</span> "fox.wav", 1, 0, 1 <span class="comment">;loop the fox</span> asig <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">round</span>(asig <span class="op">*</span> kQuantize) <span class="op">/</span> kQuantize <span class="comment">;quantize and scale audio signal</span> <span class="opc">outs</span> asig, asig <span class="oblock">endin</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span> <span class="stamnt">i</span>1 0 19.2 <span class="stamnt">e</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span> <span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span> </pre> </div> </div> <p><br class="example-break" /> Its output should include lines like these: </p> <pre class="screen"> i1 0.50000 i1 0.50021 i1 0.50042 ...... i1 1327.49320 i1 1327.74465</pre> <p> </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="See Also"> <a id="idp12983448"></a> <h2>See Also</h2> <p> <a class="link" href="subtracts.html" title="-"><em class="citetitle">-</em></a>, <a class="link" href="adds.html" title="+"><em class="citetitle">+</em></a>, <a class="link" href="opand.html" title="&&"><em class="citetitle">&&</em></a>, <a class="link" href="opor.html" title="||"><em class="citetitle">||</em></a>, <a class="link" href="multiplies.html" title="*"><em class="citetitle">*</em></a>, <a class="link" href="divides.html" title="/"><em class="citetitle">/</em></a>, <a class="link" href="modulus.html" title="%"><em class="citetitle">%</em></a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="navfooter"> <hr /> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="equals.html">Prev</a> </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="u" href="OpcodesTop.html">Up</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="opor.html">Next</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">== </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> ||</td> </tr> </table> </div> </body> </html>