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<div class="refentry" title="partikkel">
<a id="partikkel"></a>
<div class="titlepage"></div>
<a id="IndexPartikkel" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="refnamediv">
<h2>
<span class="refentrytitle">partikkel</span>
</h2>
<p>partikkel —
Granular synthesizer with "per grain" control
over many of its parameters. Has a sync input to
sychronize its internal grain scheduler clock to an external
clock source.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Description">
<a id="idp35352992"></a>
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>partikkel</em></span> was conceived after reading Curtis Roads' book
"Microsound", and the goal was to create an opcode that was
capable of all time-domain varieties of granular synthesis
described in this book. The idea being that most of the
techniques only differ in parameter values, and by having a
single opcode that can do all varieties of granular synthesis
makes it possible to interpolate between techniques. Granular synthesis is sometimes dubbed particle
synthesis, and it was thought apt to name the opcode <span class="emphasis"><em>partikkel</em></span>
to distinguish it from other granular opcodes.
</p>
<p>
Some of the input parameters to <span class="emphasis"><em>partikkel</em></span> is table numbers,
pointing to tables where values for the "per grain" parameter
changes are stored. <span class="emphasis"><em>partikkel</em></span> can use single-cycle or complex
(e.g. sampled sound) waveforms as source waveforms for
grains. Each grain consists of a mix of 4 source
waveforms. Individual tuning of the base frequency can be done
for each of the 4 source waveforms. Frequency modulation inside
each grain is enabled via an auxillary audio input
(<span class="emphasis"><em>awavfm</em></span>). Trainlet synthesis is available, and trainlets can be
mixed with wavetable based grains. Up to 8 separate audio
outputs can be used.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Syntax">
<a id="idp35365512"></a>
<h2>Syntax</h2>
<pre class="synopsis">a1 [, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8] <span class="command"><strong>partikkel</strong></span> agrainfreq, \
kdistribution, idisttab, async, kenv2amt, ienv2tab, ienv_attack, \
ienv_decay, ksustain_amount, ka_d_ratio, kduration, kamp, igainmasks, \
kwavfreq, ksweepshape, iwavfreqstarttab, iwavfreqendtab, awavfm, \
ifmamptab, kfmenv, icosine, ktraincps, knumpartials, kchroma, \
ichannelmasks, krandommask, kwaveform1, kwaveform2, kwaveform3, \
kwaveform4, iwaveamptab, asamplepos1, asamplepos2, asamplepos3, \
asamplepos4, kwavekey1, kwavekey2, kwavekey3, kwavekey4, imax_grains \
[, iopcode_id]</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Initialization">
<a id="idp35367232"></a>
<h2>Initialization</h2>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>idisttab</em></span> -- function table number,
distribution for random grain displacements over time. The table
values are interpreted as "displacement amount" scaled by
1/grainrate. This means that a value of 0.5 in the table will
displace a grain by half the grainrate period. The table values
are read randomly, and scaled by <span class="emphasis"><em>kdistribution</em></span>. For realistic
stochastic results, it is advisable not to use a too small table
size, as this limits the amount of possible displacement
values. This can also be utilized for other purposes, e.g. using
quantized displacement values to work with controlled time
displacement from the periodic grain rate. If <span class="emphasis"><em>kdistribution</em></span> is
negative, the table values will be read sequentially. A default
table might be selected by using -1 as the ftable number, for
<span class="emphasis"><em>idisttab</em></span> the default uses a zero distribution (no
displacement).
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ienv_attack</em></span> -- function table number,
attack shape of grain. Needs extended guard point. A default
table might be selected by using -1 as the ftable number, for
<span class="emphasis"><em>ienv_attack</em></span> the default uses a square window (no enveloping).
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ienv_decay</em></span> -- function table number, decay
shape of grain. Needs extended guard point. A default table
might be selected by using -1 as the ftable number, for
<span class="emphasis"><em>ienv_decay</em></span> the default uses a square window (no enveloping).
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ienv2tab</em></span> -- function table number,
additional envelope applied to grain, done after attack and
decay envelopes. Can be used e.g. for fof formant
synthesis. Needs extended guard point. A default table might be
selected by using -1 as the ftable number, for <span class="emphasis"><em>ienv2tab</em></span> the
default uses a square window (no enveloping).
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>icosine</em></span> -- function table number, must
contain a cosine, used for trainlets. Table size should be at least 2048 for good quality trainlets.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>igainmasks</em></span> -- function table number, gain per
grain. The sequence of values in the table is as follows: index
0 is used as a loop start point in reading the values, index 1
is used as a loop end point. Remaining indices contain gain
values (normally in range 0 - 1, but other values are
allowed, negative values will invert phase of waveform inside
grain) for a sequence of grains, these are read at grain rate
enabling exact patterns of "gain per grain". The loop start and
end points are zero based with an origin at index 2, e.g. a loop
start value of 0 and loop end value of 3 will read indices
2,3,4,5 in a loop at grain rate. A default table might be
selected by using -1 as the ftable number, for <span class="emphasis"><em>igainmasks</em></span> the
default disables gain masking (all grains are given a gain
masking value of 1).
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ichannelmasks</em></span> -- function table number, see <span class="emphasis"><em>igainmasks</em></span>
for a description of how the values in the table are read. Range
is 0 to N, where N is the number of output channels minus 1. A
value of zero will send the grain to audio output 1 from the
opcode. Fractional values are allowed, e.g. a value of 3.5 will
mix the grain equally to outputs 4 and 5. The user is
responsible for keeping the values in range, no range checking
is done. The opcode will crash with out of range values. A
default table might be selected by using -1 as the ftable
number, for <span class="emphasis"><em>ichannelmasks</em></span> the default disables channel masking
(all grains are given a channel masking value of 0 and are sent
to <span class="emphasis"><em>partikkel</em></span> audio out 1).
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>iwavfreqstarttab</em></span> -- function table number,
see <span class="emphasis"><em>igainmasks</em></span> for a description of how the values in the table
are read. Start frequency multiplicator for each grain. Pitch
will glide from start frequency to end frequency following a
line or curve as set by <span class="emphasis"><em>ksweepshape</em></span>. A default table might be
selected by using -1 as the ftable number, for <span class="emphasis"><em>iwavfreqstarttab</em></span>
the default uses a multiplicator of 1, disabling any start
frequency modification.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>iwavfreqendtab</em></span> -- function table number,
see <span class="emphasis"><em>iwavfreqstarttab</em></span>. End frequency multiplicator for each
grain. A default table might be selected by using -1 as the
ftable number, for <span class="emphasis"><em>iwavfreqendtab</em></span> the default uses a
multiplicator of 1, disabling any end frequency modification.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ifmamptab</em></span> -- function table number,
see <span class="emphasis"><em>igainmasks</em></span> for a description of how
the values in the table are read. Frequency modulation index per
grain. The signal <span class="emphasis"><em>awavfm</em></span> will be multiplied by values read from
this table. A default table might be selected by using -1 as the
ftable number, for <span class="emphasis"><em>ifmamptab</em></span> the default uses 1 as the index
multiplicator, enabling fm for all grains.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>iwaveamptab</em></span> -- function table number, the
indices are read in a similar way to what is used for
<span class="emphasis"><em>igainmasks</em></span>. Index 0 is used as a loop start point, and index 1
is used as a loop end point. The rest of the indices are read in
groups of 5, where each value represent a gain value for each of
the 4 source waveforms, and the 5th value represent trainlet
amplitude. A default table might be selected by
using -1 as the ftable number, for <span class="emphasis"><em>iwaveamptab</em></span> the default uses
an equal mix of all 4 source waveforms (each with an amplitude of 0.5) and setting trainlet amp
to zero.
</p>
<p>
Computation of trainlets can be CPU intensive, and setting
<span class="emphasis"><em>ktrainamp</em></span> to zero will skip most of the trainlet
computations. Trainlets will be normalized to peak (<span class="emphasis"><em>ktrainamp</em></span>),
compensating for amplitude variations caused by variations in
<span class="emphasis"><em>kpartials</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>kchroma</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>imax_grains</em></span> -- maximum number of grains per k-period. Estimating a large value should not affect performance, exceeding this value will lead to "oldest grains" being deleted.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>iopcode_id</em></span> -- the opcode id, linking an
instance of <span class="emphasis"><em>partikkel</em></span> to an instance of <a class="link" href="partikkelsync.html" title="partikkelsync"><em class="citetitle">partikkelsync</em></a>, the linked <span class="emphasis"><em>partikkelsync</em></span> will output trigger pulses synchronized to <span class="emphasis"><em>partikkel</em></span>'s grain maker scheduler.
The default value is zero, which means no connection to any <span class="emphasis"><em>partikkelsync</em></span> instances.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Performance">
<a id="idp35417912"></a>
<h2>Performance</h2>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>xgrainfreq</em></span> -- number of grains per
second. A value of zero is allowed, and this will defer all
grain scheduling to the sync input.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>async</em></span> -- sync input. Input values are added to the
phase value of the internal grain maker clock, enabling tempo synchronization
with an external clock source. As this is an a-rate signal, inputs are usually pulses
of length 1/<span class="emphasis"><em>sr</em></span>. Using such pulses, the internal phase value can be "nudged" up or down,
enabling soft or hard synchronization. Negative input values decrements the internal phase,
while positive values in the range 0 to 1 increments the internal phase. An input value of 1
will always make <span class="emphasis"><em>partikkel</em></span> generate a grain.
If the value remains at 1, the internal grain scheduler clock will pause but any currently
playing grains will still play to end.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kdistribution</em></span> -- periodic or stochastic
distribution of grains, 0 = periodic. Stochastic grain displacement is in the range of <span class="emphasis"><em>kdistribution/grainrate</em></span> seconds.
The stochastic distribution profile (random distribution) can be set in the <span class="emphasis"><em>idisttab</em></span> table.
If <span class="emphasis"><em>kdistribution</em></span> is negative, the result is deterministic time displacement as described by <span class="emphasis"><em>idisttab</em></span> (sequential read of displacement values).
Maximum grain displacement in all cases is limited to 10 seconds,
and a grain will keep the values (duration, pitch etc) it was given when it was first generated (before time displacement).
Since grain displacement is relative to the grain rate, displacement amount is undefined at 0Hz grain rate and kdistribution is completely disabled in this case.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kenv2amt</em></span> -- amount of enveloping for the
secondary envelope for each grain. Range 0 to 1, where 0 is no
secondary enveloping (square window), a value of 0.5 will use an
interpolation between a square window and the shape set by
<span class="emphasis"><em>ienv2tab</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ksustain_amount</em></span> -- sustain time as fraction
of grain duration. I.e. balance between enveloped
time(attack+decay) and sustain level time. The sustain level is
taken from the last value of the <span class="emphasis"><em>ienv_attack</em></span> ftable.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ka_d_ratio</em></span> -- balance between attack time
and decay time. For example, with <span class="emphasis"><em>ksustain_amount</em></span> set to 0.5 and
<span class="emphasis"><em>ka_d_ratio</em></span> set to 0.5, the attack envelope of each grain will take 25% of
the grain duration, full amplitude (sustain) will be held for
50% of the grain duration, and the decay envelope will take the
remaining 25% of the grain duration.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kduration</em></span> -- grain duration in milliseconds.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kamp</em></span> -- amplitude scaling of the opcode's
output. Multiplied by per grain amplitude read from <span class="emphasis"><em>igainmasks</em></span>.
Source waveform playback inside grains can consume a significant amount of CPU cycles,
especially if grain duration is long so that we have a lot of overlapping grains.
Setting kamp to zero will skip waveform playback inside grains (and not generate any sound, obviously).
This can be used as a "soft" bypass method if we want to keep the opcode active but silent for some periods of time.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kwavfreq</em></span> -- transposition
scaling. Multiplied with start and end transposition values read
from <span class="emphasis"><em>iwavfreqstarttab</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>iwavfreqendtab</em></span>.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ksweepshape</em></span> -- transposition sweep shape,
controls the curvature of the transposition sweep. Range 0
to 1. Low values will hold the transposition at the start value
longer and then drop to the end value quickly, high values will
drop to the end value quickly. A value of 0.5 will give a
linear sweep. A value of exactly 0 will bypass sweep and only
use the start frequency, while a value of exactly 1 will bypass sweep
and only use the end frequency. The sweep generator might be slightly
inaccurate in hitting the end frequency when using a steep curve and very long grains.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>awavfm</em></span> -- audio input for frequency
modulation inside grain.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kfmenv</em></span> -- function table number, envelope
for FM modulator signal enabling the modulation index to change
over the duration of a grain.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ktraincps</em></span> -- trainlet fundamental frequency.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>knumpartials</em></span> -- number of partials in trainlets.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kchroma</em></span> -- chroma of trainlets. A value of
1 give equal amplitude to each partial, higher values will
reduce the amplitude of lower partials while strengthening the
amplitude of the higher partials.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>krandommask</em></span> -- random masking (muting) of
individual grains. Range 0 to 1, where a value of 0 will give no
masking (all grains are played), and a value of 1 will mute all
grains.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kwaveform1</em></span> -- table number for source waveform 1.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kwaveform2</em></span> -- table number for source waveform 2.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kwaveform3</em></span> -- table number for source waveform 3.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kwaveform4</em></span> -- table number for source waveform 4.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>asamplepos1</em></span> -- start position for reading
source waveform 1.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>asamplepos2</em></span> -- start position for reading
source waveform 2.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>asamplepos3</em></span> -- start position for reading
source waveform 3.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>asamplepos4</em></span> -- start position for reading
source waveform 4.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kwavekey1</em></span> -- original key of source
waveform 1. Can be used to transpose each source waveform
independently.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kwavekey2</em></span> -- as <span class="emphasis"><em>kwavekey1</em></span>, but for source
waveform 2.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kwavekey3</em></span> -- as <span class="emphasis"><em>kwavekey1</em></span>, but for source
waveform 3.
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>kwavekey4</em></span> -- as <span class="emphasis"><em>kwavekey1</em></span>, but for source waveform 4.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Examples">
<a id="idp35438336"></a>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>
Here is an example of the partikkel opcode. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/partikkel.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">partikkel.csd</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idp35439328"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 567. Example of the partikkel opcode.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span>
<span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span>
-odac <span class="comment">;;;realtime audio out</span>
<span class="comment">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if real audio input is needed too</span>
<span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span>
<span class="comment">; -o partikkel.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100
<span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 20
<span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2
giSine <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 0, 0, 65537, 10, 1
giCosine <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 0, 0, 8193, 9, 1, 1, 90
<span class="oblock">instr</span> 1
kgrainfreq <span class="op">=</span> 200 <span class="comment">; 4 grains per second</span>
kdistribution <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">; periodic grain distribution</span>
idisttab <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; (default) flat distribution used for grain distribution</span>
async <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">; no sync input</span>
kenv2amt <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">; no secondary enveloping</span>
ienv2tab <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default secondary envelope (flat)</span>
ienv_attack <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; ; default attack envelope (flat)</span>
ienv_decay <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; ; default decay envelope (flat)</span>
ksustain_amount <span class="op">=</span> 0.5 <span class="comment">; time (in fraction of grain dur) at sustain level for each grain</span>
ka_d_ratio <span class="op">=</span> 0.5 <span class="comment">; balance between attack and decay time</span>
kduration <span class="op">=</span> (0.5<span class="op">/</span>kgrainfreq)<span class="op">*</span>1000 <span class="comment">; set grain duration relative to grain rate</span>
kamp <span class="op">=</span> 5000 <span class="comment">; amp</span>
igainmasks <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; (default) no gain masking</span>
kwavfreq <span class="op">=</span> 440 <span class="comment">; fundamental frequency of source waveform</span>
ksweepshape <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">; shape of frequency sweep (0=no sweep)</span>
iwavfreqstarttab <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default frequency sweep start (value in table = 1, which give no frequency modification)</span>
iwavfreqendtab <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default frequency sweep end (value in table = 1, which give no frequency modification)</span>
awavfm <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">; no FM input</span>
ifmamptab <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default FM scaling (=1)</span>
kfmenv <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default FM envelope (flat)</span>
icosine <span class="op">=</span> giCosine <span class="comment">; cosine ftable</span>
kTrainCps <span class="op">=</span> kgrainfreq <span class="comment">; set trainlet cps equal to grain rate for single-cycle trainlet in each grain</span>
knumpartials <span class="op">=</span> 3 <span class="comment">; number of partials in trainlet</span>
kchroma <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="comment">; balance of partials in trainlet</span>
ichannelmasks <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; (default) no channel masking, all grains to output 1</span>
krandommask <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">; no random grain masking</span>
kwaveform1 <span class="op">=</span> giSine <span class="comment">; source waveforms</span>
kwaveform2 <span class="op">=</span> giSine <span class="comment">;</span>
kwaveform3 <span class="op">=</span> giSine <span class="comment">;</span>
kwaveform4 <span class="op">=</span> giSine <span class="comment">;</span>
iwaveamptab <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; (default) equal mix of all 4 sourcve waveforms and no amp for trainlets</span>
asamplepos1 <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">; phase offset for reading source waveform</span>
asamplepos2 <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">;</span>
asamplepos3 <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">;</span>
asamplepos4 <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">;</span>
kwavekey1 <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="comment">; original key for source waveform</span>
kwavekey2 <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="comment">;</span>
kwavekey3 <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="comment">;</span>
kwavekey4 <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="comment">;</span>
imax_grains <span class="op">=</span> 100 <span class="comment">; max grains per k period</span>
asig <span class="opc">partikkel</span> kgrainfreq, kdistribution, idisttab, async, kenv2amt, ienv2tab, \
ienv_attack, ienv_decay, ksustain_amount, ka_d_ratio, kduration, kamp, igainmasks, \
kwavfreq, ksweepshape, iwavfreqstarttab, iwavfreqendtab, awavfm, \
ifmamptab, kfmenv, icosine, kTrainCps, knumpartials, \
kchroma, ichannelmasks, krandommask, kwaveform1, kwaveform2, kwaveform3, kwaveform4, \
iwaveamptab, asamplepos1, asamplepos2, asamplepos3, asamplepos4, \
kwavekey1, kwavekey2, kwavekey3, kwavekey4, imax_grains
<span class="opc">outs</span> asig, asig
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span>1 0 5 <span class="comment">; partikkel</span>
<span class="stamnt">e</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><br class="example-break" />
</p>
<p>
Here is another example of the partikkel opcode. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/partikkel-2.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">partikkel-2.csd</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idp35442160"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 568. Example 2 of the partikkel opcode.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span>
<span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span>
<span class="comment">; Audio out </span>
-odac <span class="comment">;;;RT audio </span>
<span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span>
<span class="comment">; -o partikkel.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100
<span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 20
<span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2
<span class="comment">; Example by Joachim Heintz and Oeyvind Brandtsegg 2008</span>
giCosine <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 0, 0, 8193, 9, 1, 1, 90 <span class="comment">; cosine</span>
giDisttab <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 0, 0, 32768, 7, 0, 32768, 1 <span class="comment">; for kdistribution</span>
giFile <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 0, 0, 0, 1, "fox.wav", 0, 0, 0 <span class="comment">; soundfile for source waveform</span>
giWin <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 0, 0, 4096, 20, 9, 1 <span class="comment">; grain envelope</span>
giPan <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 0, 0, 32768, <span class="op">-</span>21, 1 <span class="comment">; for panning (random values between 0 and 1)</span>
<span class="comment">; *************************************************</span>
<span class="comment">; partikkel example, processing of soundfile</span>
<span class="comment">; uses the file "fox.wav" </span>
<span class="comment">; *************************************************</span>
<span class="oblock">instr</span> 1
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>score parameters<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
ispeed <span class="op">=</span> p4 <span class="comment">; 1 = original speed </span>
igrainrate <span class="op">=</span> p5 <span class="comment">; grain rate</span>
igrainsize <span class="op">=</span> p6 <span class="comment">; grain size in ms</span>
icent <span class="op">=</span> p7 <span class="comment">; transposition in cent</span>
iposrand <span class="op">=</span> p8 <span class="comment">; time position randomness (offset) of the pointer in ms</span>
icentrand <span class="op">=</span> p9 <span class="comment">; transposition randomness in cents</span>
ipan <span class="op">=</span> p10 <span class="comment">; panning narrow (0) to wide (1)</span>
idist <span class="op">=</span> p11 <span class="comment">; grain distribution (0=periodic, 1=scattered)</span>
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>get length of source wave file, needed for both transposition <span class="opc">and</span> time pointer<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
ifilen <span class="opc">tableng</span> giFile
ifildur <span class="op">=</span> ifilen <span class="op">/</span> <span class="ohdr">sr</span>
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>sync input (disabled)<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
async <span class="op">=</span> 0
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span><span class="opc">grain</span> envelope<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
kenv2amt <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="comment">; use only secondary envelope</span>
ienv2tab <span class="op">=</span> giWin <span class="comment">; grain (secondary) envelope</span>
ienv_attack <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default attack envelope (flat)</span>
ienv_decay <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default decay envelope (flat)</span>
ksustain_amount <span class="op">=</span> 0.5 <span class="comment">; no meaning in this case (use only secondary envelope, ienv2tab)</span>
ka_d_ratio <span class="op">=</span> 0.5 <span class="comment">; no meaning in this case (use only secondary envelope, ienv2tab)</span>
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>amplitude<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
kamp <span class="op">=</span> 0.4<span class="op">*</span><span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span> <span class="comment">; grain amplitude</span>
igainmasks <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; (default) no gain masking</span>
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>transposition<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
kcentrand <span class="opc">rand</span> icentrand <span class="comment">; random transposition</span>
iorig <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="op">/</span> ifildur <span class="comment">; original pitch</span>
kwavfreq <span class="op">=</span> iorig <span class="op">*</span> <span class="opc">cent</span>(icent <span class="op">+</span> kcentrand)
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>other <span class="opc">pitch</span> related (disabled)<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
ksweepshape <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">; no frequency sweep</span>
iwavfreqstarttab <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default frequency sweep start</span>
iwavfreqendtab <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default frequency sweep end</span>
awavfm <span class="op">=</span> 0 <span class="comment">; no FM input</span>
ifmamptab <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default FM scaling (=1)</span>
kfmenv <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; default FM envelope (flat)</span>
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>trainlet related (disabled)<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
icosine <span class="op">=</span> giCosine <span class="comment">; cosine ftable</span>
kTrainCps <span class="op">=</span> igrainrate <span class="comment">; set trainlet cps equal to grain rate for single-cycle trainlet in each grain</span>
knumpartials <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="comment">; number of partials in trainlet</span>
kchroma <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="comment">; balance of partials in trainlet</span>
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>panning, using channel masks<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
imid <span class="op">=</span> .5<span class="comment">; center</span>
ileftmost <span class="op">=</span> imid <span class="op">-</span> ipan<span class="op">/</span>2
irightmost <span class="op">=</span> imid <span class="op">+</span> ipan<span class="op">/</span>2
giPanthis <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 0, 0, 32768, <span class="op">-</span>24, giPan, ileftmost, irightmost <span class="comment">; rescales giPan according to ipan</span>
<span class="opc">tableiw</span> 0, 0, giPanthis <span class="comment">; change index 0 ...</span>
<span class="opc">tableiw</span> 32766, 1, giPanthis <span class="comment">; ... and 1 for ichannelmasks</span>
ichannelmasks <span class="op">=</span> giPanthis <span class="comment">; ftable for panning</span>
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span><span class="opc">random</span> <span class="opc">gain</span> masking (disabled)<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
krandommask <span class="op">=</span> 0
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>source waveforms<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
kwaveform1 <span class="op">=</span> giFile <span class="comment">; source waveform</span>
kwaveform2 <span class="op">=</span> giFile <span class="comment">; all 4 sources are the same</span>
kwaveform3 <span class="op">=</span> giFile
kwaveform4 <span class="op">=</span> giFile
iwaveamptab <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">-</span>1 <span class="comment">; (default) equal mix of source waveforms and no amplitude for trainlets</span>
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>time pointer<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
afilposphas <span class="opc">phasor</span> ispeed <span class="op">/</span> ifildur
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>generate <span class="opc">random</span> deviation of the time pointer<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
iposrandsec <span class="op">=</span> iposrand <span class="op">/</span> 1000 <span class="comment">; ms -> sec</span>
iposrand <span class="op">=</span> iposrandsec <span class="op">/</span> ifildur <span class="comment">; phase values (0-1)</span>
krndpos <span class="opc">linrand</span> iposrand <span class="comment">; random offset in phase values</span>
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span><span class="opc">add</span> <span class="opc">random</span> deviation to the time pointer<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
asamplepos1 <span class="op">=</span> afilposphas <span class="op">+</span> krndpos<span class="comment">; resulting phase values (0-1)</span>
asamplepos2 <span class="op">=</span> asamplepos1
asamplepos3 <span class="op">=</span> asamplepos1
asamplepos4 <span class="op">=</span> asamplepos1
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span>original key for each source waveform<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
kwavekey1 <span class="op">=</span> 1
kwavekey2 <span class="op">=</span> kwavekey1
kwavekey3 <span class="op">=</span> kwavekey1
kwavekey4 <span class="op">=</span> kwavekey1
<span class="op">/</span><span class="op">*</span> maximum number of grains per <span class="opc">k</span><span class="op">-</span>period<span class="op">*</span><span class="op">/</span>
imax_grains <span class="op">=</span> 100
aL, aR <span class="opc">partikkel</span> igrainrate, idist, giDisttab, async, kenv2amt, ienv2tab, \
ienv_attack, ienv_decay, ksustain_amount, ka_d_ratio, igrainsize, kamp, igainmasks, \
kwavfreq, ksweepshape, iwavfreqstarttab, iwavfreqendtab, awavfm, \
ifmamptab, kfmenv, icosine, kTrainCps, knumpartials, \
kchroma, ichannelmasks, krandommask, kwaveform1, kwaveform2, kwaveform3, kwaveform4, \
iwaveamptab, asamplepos1, asamplepos2, asamplepos3, asamplepos4, \
kwavekey1, kwavekey2, kwavekey3, kwavekey4, imax_grains
<span class="opc">outs</span> aL, aR
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span>
<span class="comment">;i1 st dur speed grate gsize cent posrnd cntrnd pan dist</span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span>1 0 2.757 1 200 15 0 0 0 0 0
<span class="stamnt">s</span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span>1 0 2.757 1 200 15 400 0 0 0 0
<span class="stamnt">s</span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span>1 0 2.757 1 15 450 400 0 0 0 0
<span class="stamnt">s</span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span>1 0 2.757 1 15 450 400 0 0 0 0.4
<span class="stamnt">s</span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span>1 0 2.757 1 200 15 0 400 0 0 1
<span class="stamnt">s</span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span>1 0 5.514 .5 200 20 0 0 600 .5 1
<span class="stamnt">s</span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span>1 0 11.028 .25 200 15 0 1000 400 1 1
<span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><br class="example-break" />
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="See Also">
<a id="idp35443176"></a>
<h2>See Also</h2>
<p><a class="link" href="fof.html" title="fof"><em class="citetitle">fof</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="fof2.html" title="fof2"><em class="citetitle">fof2</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="fog.html" title="fog"><em class="citetitle">fog</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="grain.html" title="grain"><em class="citetitle">grain</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="grain2.html" title="grain2"><em class="citetitle">grain2</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="grain3.html" title="grain3"><em class="citetitle">grain3</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="granule.html" title="granule"><em class="citetitle">granule</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="sndwarp.html" title="sndwarp"><em class="citetitle">sndwarp</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="sndwarpst.html" title="sndwarpst"><em class="citetitle">sndwarpst</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="syncgrain.html" title="syncgrain"><em class="citetitle">syncgrain</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="syncloop.html" title="syncloop"><em class="citetitle">syncloop</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="partikkelsync.html" title="partikkelsync"><em class="citetitle">partikkelsync</em></a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Credits">
<a id="idp35449368"></a>
<h2>Credits</h2>
<p>
</p>
<table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist">
<tr>
<td>Author: Thom Johansen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Author: Torgeir Strand Henriksen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Author: Øyvind Brandtsegg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>April 2007</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
</p>
<p>Examples written by Joachim Heintz and Øyvind Brandtsegg.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>New in version 5.06</p>
<p>
</p>
</div>
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