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<div class="refentry" title="octave">
<a id="octave"></a>
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<a id="IndexOctave" class="indexterm"></a>
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<h2>
<span class="refentrytitle">octave</span>
</h2>
<p>octave —
Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of octaves.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Description">
<a id="idp33172200"></a>
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>
Calculates a factor to raise/lower a frequency by a given amount of octaves.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Syntax">
<a id="idp33172992"></a>
<h2>Syntax</h2>
<pre class="synopsis"><span class="command"><strong>octave</strong></span>(x)</pre>
<p>
This function works at a-rate, i-rate, and k-rate.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Initialization">
<a id="idp33183864"></a>
<h2>Initialization</h2>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>x</em></span> -- a value expressed in octaves.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Performance">
<a id="idp33184760"></a>
<h2>Performance</h2>
<p>
The value returned by the <span class="emphasis"><em>octave</em></span> function is a factor. You can multiply a frequency by this factor to raise/lower it by the given amount of octaves.
</p>
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<div class="refsect1" title="Examples">
<a id="idp33185872"></a>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>
Here is an example of the octave opcode. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/octave.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">octave.csd</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idp33241528"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 518. Example of the octave opcode.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span>
<span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span>
-odac <span class="comment">;;;realtime audio out</span>
<span class="comment">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if realtime audio input is needed too</span>
<span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span>
<span class="comment">; -o octave.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100
<span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 32
<span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2
<span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span> <span class="op">=</span> 1
<span class="oblock">instr</span> 1
iroot <span class="op">=</span> 440 <span class="comment">; root note is A above middle-C (440 Hz)</span>
koct <span class="opc">lfo</span> 5, 1, 5 <span class="comment">; generate sawtooth, go from 5 octaves higher to root</span>
koc <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">int</span>(koct) <span class="comment">; produce only whole numbers</span>
kfactor <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">octave</span>(koc) <span class="comment">; for octave</span>
knew <span class="op">=</span> iroot <span class="op">*</span> kfactor
<span class="opc">printk2</span> knew
asig <span class="opc">pluck</span> 1, knew, 1000, 0, 1
asig <span class="opc">dcblock</span> asig <span class="comment">;remove DC</span>
<span class="opc">outs</span> asig, asig
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span>
<span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 0 5
<span class="stamnt">e</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><br class="example-break" />
Its output should include lines like:
</p>
<pre class="screen">
i1 3520.00000
i1 1760.00000
i1 880.00000
i1 440.00000
i1 7040.00000
i1 3520.00000
i1 1760.00000
i1 880.00000
i1 440.00000
.......</pre>
<p>
</p>
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<div class="refsect1" title="See Also">
<a id="idp33244344"></a>
<h2>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a class="link" href="cent.html" title="cent"><em class="citetitle">cent</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="db.html" title="db"><em class="citetitle">db</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="semitone.html" title="semitone"><em class="citetitle">semitone</em></a>
</p>
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<div class="refsect1" title="Credits">
<a id="idp33246360"></a>
<h2>Credits</h2>
<p>New in version 4.16</p>
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