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<div class="refentry" title="%">
<a id="modulus"></a>
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<a id="IndexPercent" class="indexterm"></a>
<div class="refnamediv">
<h2>
<span class="refentrytitle">%</span>
</h2>
<p>% —
Modulus operator.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Description">
<a id="idp12429960"></a>
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>
Arithmetic operators perform operations of change-sign (negate), don't-change-sign, logical AND logical OR, add, subtract, multiply and divide. Note that a value or an expression may fall between two of these operators, either of which could take it as its left or right argument, as in
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>a + b * c.</p>
</div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
In such cases three rules apply:
</p>
<p>
1. * and <span class="emphasis"><em>/</em></span> bind to their neighbors more strongly than + and −. Thus the above expression is taken as
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>a + (b * c)</p>
</div>
<p>
with * taking b and c and then + taking a and b * c.
</p>
<p>
2. <span class="emphasis"><em>+</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>−</em></span> bind more strongly than &&, which in turn is stronger than ||:
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>a && b - c || d</p>
</div>
<p>
is taken as
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>(a && (b - c)) || d</p>
</div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
3. When both operators bind equally strongly, the operations are done left to right:
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>a - b - c</p>
</div>
<p>
is taken as
</p>
<div class="literallayout">
<p>(a - b) - c</p>
</div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Parentheses may be used as above to force particular groupings.
</p>
<p>
The operator <span class="emphasis"><em>%</em></span> returns the value of <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> reduced by <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span>, so that the result, in absolute value, is less than the absolute value of <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span>, by repeated subtraction. This is the same as modulus function in integers. New in Csound version 3.50.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Syntax">
<a id="idp12499784"></a>
<h2>Syntax</h2>
<pre class="synopsis">a <span class="command"><strong>%</strong></span> b (no rate restriction)</pre>
<p>
where the arguments <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span> may be further expressions.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" title="Examples">
<a id="idp12501648"></a>
<h2>Examples</h2>
<p>
Here is an example of the % operator. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/modulus.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">modulus.csd</em></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<a id="idp12502632"></a>
<p class="title">
<strong>Example 17. Example of the % operator.</strong>
</p>
<div class="example-contents">
<p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span>
<span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span>
-odac -Ma --midi-key=4 --midi-velocity-amp=5 -m0 <span class="comment">;;;realtime audio out and midi in</span>
<span class="comment">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if realtime audio input is needed too</span>
<span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span>
<span class="comment">; -o %.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span>
<span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100
<span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 32
<span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2
<span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span> <span class="op">=</span> 1
giScale <span class="ohdr">ftgen</span> 1, 0, <span class="op">-</span>12, <span class="op">-</span>2, 0, <span class="op">-</span>34, <span class="op">-</span>7, 10, <span class="op">-</span>14, 3, <span class="op">-</span>21, <span class="op">-</span>3, <span class="op">-</span>27, <span class="op">-</span>10, 7, <span class="op">-</span>17 <span class="comment">;12 note scale with detuned keys</span>
<span class="oblock">instr</span> 1
ikey <span class="op">=</span> p4
ivel <span class="op">=</span> p5
indx <span class="op">=</span> ikey <span class="op">%</span> 12 <span class="comment">;work on the twelftone scale</span>
icent <span class="opc">tab_i</span> indx, giScale <span class="comment">;load the scale</span>
ifreqeq <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">cpsmidinn</span>(ikey)
ifreq <span class="op">=</span> ifreqeq <span class="op">*</span> <span class="opc">cent</span>(icent) <span class="comment">;change frequency by cents from table</span>
<span class="opc">prints</span> "Key <span class="op">%</span>d modulus 12 <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>d. ", ikey, indx
<span class="opc">prints</span> "Equal<span class="op">-</span>tempered frequency of this key <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>f,", ifreqeq
<span class="opc">prints</span> " but here with <span class="opc">cent</span> deviation <span class="op">%</span>d <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">%</span>f<span class="op">%</span>n", icent, ifreq
asig <span class="opc">vco2</span> ivel<span class="op">*</span>.5, ifreq
<span class="opc">outs</span> asig, asig
<span class="oblock">endin</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span>
<span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span>
<span class="stamnt">f</span> 0 60 <span class="comment">;run for 60 seconds</span>
<span class="stamnt">e</span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span>
<span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><br class="example-break" />
</p>
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<div class="refsect1" title="See Also">
<a id="idp12504776"></a>
<h2>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a class="link" href="subtracts.html" title="-"><em class="citetitle">-</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="adds.html" title="+"><em class="citetitle">+</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="opand.html" title="&&"><em class="citetitle">&&</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="opor.html" title="||"><em class="citetitle">||</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="multiplies.html" title="*"><em class="citetitle">*</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="divides.html" title="/"><em class="citetitle">/</em></a>,
<a class="link" href="raises.html" title="^"><em class="citetitle">^</em></a>
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