<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>grain</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="csound.css" /> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1" /> <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Canonical Csound Reference Manual" /> <link rel="up" href="OpcodesTop.html" title="Orchestra Opcodes and Operators" /> <link rel="prev" href="goto.html" title="goto" /> <link rel="next" href="grain2.html" title="grain2" /> </head> <body> <div class="navheader"> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">grain</th> </tr> <tr> <td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="goto.html">Prev</a> </td> <th width="60%" align="center">Orchestra Opcodes and Operators</th> <td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="grain2.html">Next</a></td> </tr> </table> <hr /> </div> <div class="refentry" title="grain"> <a id="grain"></a> <div class="titlepage"></div> <a id="IndexGrain" class="indexterm"></a> <div class="refnamediv"> <h2> <span class="refentrytitle">grain</span> </h2> <p>grain — Generates granular synthesis textures. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Description"> <a id="idp25439904"></a> <h2>Description</h2> <p> Generates granular synthesis textures. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Syntax"> <a id="idp25440624"></a> <h2>Syntax</h2> <pre class="synopsis">ares <span class="command"><strong>grain</strong></span> xamp, xpitch, xdens, kampoff, kpitchoff, kgdur, igfn, \ iwfn, imgdur [, igrnd]</pre> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Initialization"> <a id="idp25451224"></a> <h2>Initialization</h2> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>igfn</em></span> -- The ftable number of the grain waveform. This can be just a sine wave or a sampled sound. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>iwfn</em></span> -- Ftable number of the amplitude envelope used for the grains (see also <a class="link" href="GEN20.html" title="GEN20"><em class="citetitle">GEN20</em></a>). </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>imgdur</em></span> -- Maximum grain duration in seconds. This is the biggest value to be assigned to <span class="emphasis"><em>kgdur</em></span>. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>igrnd</em></span> (optional) -- if non-zero, turns off grain offset randomness. This means that all grains will begin reading from the beginning of the <span class="emphasis"><em>igfn</em></span> table. If zero (the default), grains will start reading from random <span class="emphasis"><em>igfn</em></span> table positions. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Performance"> <a id="idp25455088"></a> <h2>Performance</h2> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span> -- Amplitude of each grain. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>xpitch</em></span> -- Grain pitch. To use the original frequency of the input sound, use the formula: </p> <div class="literallayout"> <p> sndsr / ftlen(<span class="emphasis"><em>igfn</em></span>)</p> </div> <p> </p> <p> where sndsr is the original sample rate of the <span class="emphasis"><em>igfn</em></span> sound. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>xdens</em></span> -- Density of grains measured in grains per second. If this is constant then the output is synchronous granular synthesis, very similar to <a class="link" href="fof.html" title="fof"><em class="citetitle">fof</em></a>. If <span class="emphasis"><em>xdens</em></span> has a random element (like added noise), then the result is more like asynchronous granular synthesis. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>kampoff</em></span> -- Maximum amplitude deviation from <span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span>. This means that the maximum amplitude a grain can have is <span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span> + <span class="emphasis"><em>kampoff</em></span> and the minimum is <span class="emphasis"><em>xamp</em></span>. If <span class="emphasis"><em>kampoff</em></span> is set to zero then there is no random amplitude for each grain. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>kpitchoff</em></span> -- Maximum pitch deviation from <span class="emphasis"><em>xpitch</em></span> in Hz. Similar to <span class="emphasis"><em>kampoff</em></span>. </p> <p> <span class="emphasis"><em>kgdur</em></span> -- Grain duration in seconds. The maximum value for this should be declared in <span class="emphasis"><em>imgdur</em></span>. If <span class="emphasis"><em>kgdur</em></span> at any point becomes greater than <span class="emphasis"><em>imgdur</em></span>, it will be truncated to <span class="emphasis"><em>imgdur</em></span>. </p> <p> The grain generator is based primarily on work and writings of Barry Truax and Curtis Roads. </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Examples"> <a id="idp25496720"></a> <h2>Examples</h2> <p> This example generates a texture with gradually shorter grains and wider amp and pitch spread. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/grain.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">grain.csd</em></a>, and <a class="ulink" href="examples/beats.wav" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">beats.wav</em></a>. </p> <div class="example"> <a id="idp25498184"></a> <p class="title"> <strong>Example 329. Example of the grain opcode.</strong> </p> <div class="example-contents"> <p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p> <pre class="programlisting"> <span class="csdtag"><CsoundSynthesizer></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsOptions></span> <span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform </span> -odac <span class="comment">;;;realtime audio out </span> <span class="comment">;-iadc ;;;uncomment -iadc if realtime audio input is needed too </span> <span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below: </span> <span class="comment">; -o grain.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform </span> <span class="csdtag"></CsOptions></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsInstruments></span> <span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100 <span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 32 <span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 2 <span class="ohdr">0dbfs</span> <span class="op">=</span> 1 <span class="oblock">instr</span> 1 insnd <span class="op">=</span> 10 ibasfrq <span class="op">=</span> 44100 <span class="op">/</span> <span class="opc">ftlen</span>(insnd) <span class="comment">; Use original sample rate of insnd file </span> kamp <span class="opc">expseg</span> .001, p3<span class="op">/</span>2, .1, p3<span class="op">/</span>2, .01 <span class="comment">;a swell in amplitude</span> kpitch <span class="opc">line</span> ibasfrq, p3, ibasfrq <span class="op">*</span> .8 kdens <span class="opc">line</span> 600, p3, 100 kaoff <span class="opc">line</span> 0, p3, .1 kpoff <span class="opc">line</span> 0, p3, ibasfrq <span class="op">*</span> .5 kgdur <span class="opc">line</span> .4, p3, .01 imaxgdur <span class="op">=</span> .5 asigL <span class="opc">grain</span> kamp, kpitch, kdens, kaoff, kpoff, kgdur, insnd, 5, imaxgdur, 0.0 asigR <span class="opc">grain</span> kamp, kpitch, kdens, kaoff, kpoff, kgdur, insnd, 5, imaxgdur, 0.0 <span class="opc">outs</span> asigL, asigR <span class="oblock">endin</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsInstruments></span> <span class="csdtag"><CsScore></span> <span class="stamnt">f</span>5 0 512 20 2 <span class="comment">; Hanning window </span> <span class="stamnt">f</span>10 0 16384 1 "beats.wav" 0 0 0 <span class="stamnt">i</span>1 0 15 <span class="stamnt">e</span> <span class="csdtag"></CsScore></span> <span class="csdtag"></CsoundSynthesizer></span> </pre> </div> </div> <p><br class="example-break" /> </p> </div> <div class="refsect1" title="Credits"> <a id="idp25500488"></a> <h2>Credits</h2> <p> </p> <table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"> <tr> <td>Author: Paris Smaragdis</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MIT</td> </tr> <tr> <td>May 1997</td> </tr> </table> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div class="navfooter"> <hr /> <table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="goto.html">Prev</a> </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="u" href="OpcodesTop.html">Up</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="grain2.html">Next</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">goto </td> <td width="20%" align="center"> <a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a> </td> <td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> grain2</td> </tr> </table> </div> </body> </html>