@Section
   @Title { Books }
   @Tag { books }
@Begin
@PP
To produce a book, start off with the @Code book setup file and the
books. @Index { books }
book. @Index @Code "@Book"
@Code "@Book" symbol:
@ID @OneRow -1px @Break @Code {
"@SysInclude { book }"
"@Book"
"    @Title {}"
"    @Author {}"
"    @Edition {}"
"    @Publisher {}"
"    @BeforeTitlePage {}"
"    @OnTitlePage {}"
"    @AfterTitlePage {}"
"    @AtEnd {}"
"    @InitialFont { Times Base 12p }"
"    @InitialBreak { adjust 1.2fx hyphen }"
"    @InitialSpace { lout }"
"    @InitialLanguage { English }"
"    @PageOrientation { Portrait }"
"    @PageHeaders { Titles }"
"    @ColumnNumber { 1 }"
"    @FirstPageNumber { 1 }"
"    @IntroFirstPageNumber { 1 }"
"    @OptimizePages { No }"
"    @GlossaryText { @Null }"
"    @IndexText { @Null }"
"    @IndexAText { @Null }"
"    @IndexBText { @Null }"
"//"
}
This shows all the options of @Code "@Book" with their default values.  As
usual, these options may be given in any order, and only those
to be changed need be given at all.  The meaning of the
@Code "//" symbol after the last option is beyond our scope, but total
disaster will ensue if it is forgotten.
@PP
The {@Code "@Title"}, {@Code "@Author"}, and {@Code "@Edition"} options
will appear on the title page, in the @Code "clines" paragraph breaking
style which centres each line (Section {@NumberOf paras}).  The
@Code "@Publisher" option will appear at the foot of the title page.
@PP
The {@Code "@BeforeTitlePage"} option will come out on the page (or
pages) preceding the title page.  This is where publishers
advertise other books of a similar kind, perhaps from a series.
@PP
If {@Code "@OnTitlePage"} is given it will replace the title page
that usually appears, superseding the {@Code "@Title"}, {@Code "@Author"},
{@Code "@Edition"}, and @Code "@Publisher" options in the process.
@PP
The {@Code "@AfterTitlePage"} option will come out on the page
(or pages) following the title page.  This is where publishers
traditionally put copyright notices, information about production,
and cataloguing-in-publication data.  If this option is empty or
omitted, there will be no such pages.
@PP
The {@Code "@AtEnd"} option will come out on a single unnumbered page
with no page headers or footers, and using the same margins as for even
pages, after the very last page of the book; even after the index if
there is one.  It is intended to make it possible to include a back
cover, so @Code "@PageOf last.page" (Section {@NumberOf cross}) does
not take account of any @Code "@AtEnd" page.  (To make a colophon,
which occupies any number of numbered pages after the index, consult
the @Code "@Colophon" symbol below.)
@PP
The remaining options are a selection of setup file options (Section
{@NumberOf setup}) that frequently need to be changed.  If your changes
to the overall formatting are confined to these options, you can change
them here and avoid having your own setup file.  If you already have
your own setup file, change them in either place and omit them in
the other.
@PP
@Code "@InitialFont" is the font of the bulk of the book,
and should contain a family, a face, and a size.  The default
value selects the Times family, the Base face, and the 12 point size.
@PP
@Code "@InitialBreak" controls the behaviour of paragraph breaking in
the bulk of the book.  It should have three parts:  a paragraph
breaking style ({@Code adjust}, {@Code ragged}, etc.), an inter-line
spacing ({@Code "1.2fx"} for single spacing, {@Code "2.4fx"} for
double spacing, and so on), and either @Code "hyphen" or
@Code "nohyphen" for turning hyphenation on or off.  It may also
have @Code "nobreakfirst" or @Code "nobreaklast" (or both), meaning
to disallow a page break after the first line of a paragraph, or
before the last, respectively.
@PP
@Code "@InitialSpace" determines how Lout treats white space
between two objects, as described in Section
{@NumberOf white}.  @Code "@InitialLanguage" determines the
language of the bulk of the book.
@PP
@Code "@PageOrientation" determines the orientation of the page.  Its
value may be {@Code Portrait} (the default), {@Code Landscape},
{@Code ReversePortrait}, or {@Code ReverseLandscape}.  See
Section {@NumberOf pagesize} for further details.
@PP
@Code "@PageHeaders" determines the appearance of page headers and
footers.  Its value may be {@Code None},
{@Code Simple}, {@Code Titles}, or {@Code NoTitles}.  Section
{@NumberOf headers} has the details, but just briefly, {@Code None}
and {@Code Simple} are not really suitable for books, @Code Titles
produces full running titles as in the present document, and
@Code "NoTitles" is like @Code "Titles" with the running titles
omitted, leaving just the page numbers.
@PP
@Code "@ColumnNumber" is the number of columns per page in the bulk of
the book, and may be anything from {@Code 1} (the default value) to
{@Code 10}.  Irrespective of its value, all prefatory material, all
chapter and appendix headings, and all figures and tables will be
printed full width.  There is a separate @Code "@IndexColumnNumber"
option in the setup file which determines the number of columns in
the index (Section {@NumberOf indexes}).
@PP
@Code "@FirstPageNumber" is the page number to be given to the first
non-introductory page.  @Code "@IntroFirstPageNumber" is the
page number of the first introductory page; it will usually appear
in Roman but must be given in Arabic.
@PP
Lout ordinarily places lines onto a page until space runs out, then moves
to the next page and so on.  This often produces ugly empty spaces at
the bottoms of pages preceding large unbreakable displays.  Setting the
@Code "@OptimizePages" option to {@Code "Yes"} causes Lout to examine the
overall situation and try to minimize the ugliness, using the @TeX
optimal paragraph breaking algorithm.  It takes two runs to do this,
with intermediate results stored in Lout's cross reference database
(Section {@NumberOf cross}); so deleting file {@Code lout.li} will reset
it, which might be wise after major changes.  It is possible for the
optimizer to cycle, never settling on a single final best version; this
is usually caused by footnotes or floating figures inserted at points
which end up near page boundaries.
@PP
The {@Code "@GlossaryText"}, {@Code "@IndexText"}, {@Code "@IndexAText"},
and {@Code "@IndexBText"} symbols allow you to insert some arbitrary
text after the title of the glossary, index, etc., and before the
entries.
@PP
After the compulsory @Code "//" comes an optional preface:
preface. @Index @Code "@Preface"
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"@Preface"
"    @Title { About this book }"
"@Begin"
"@PP"
"..."
"@End @Preface"
}
Since the title of most prefaces is simply Preface, that is the default
value in English of the @Code "@Title" option.  Within the preface,
just before {@Code "@End @Preface"}, there may optionally be a sequence
of sub-prefaces enclosed in @Code "@BeginSubPrefaces" and
{@Code "@EndSubPrefaces"}, like this:
@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim {
@BeginSubPrefaces
@SubPreface ... @End @SubPreface
@SubPreface ... @End @SubPreface
@EndSubPrefaces
}
After the preface there will automatically appear a table of contents
listing the introduction, chapters, sections, subsections, appendices,
sub-appendices, bibliography, and index as appropriate.
@PP
The pages up to this point will be numbered in lower case Roman
numerals; subsequent pages will be numbered in Arabic starting from
the @Code "@FirstPageNumber" option of {@Code "@Book"}.  There is
a setup file option for changing this to a single numbering sequence
(see below).
@PP
Next comes an optional abbreviations sections, exactly like the
preface except that its name is @Code "@Abbreviations" and the
abbreviations. @Index @Code "@Abbreviations"
default title in English is Abbreviation.  There are no
sub-abbreviations, and no support for what goes inside; you need to
use a list or table to lay out the abbreviations, in the usual way.
@PP
Next comes an optional introduction, exactly like the preface except that
its name is @Code "@Introduction" and the default title in English is
introduction. @Index @Code "@Introduction"
Introduction:
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"@Introduction"
"@Begin"
"@PP"
"..."
"@End @Introduction"
}
It may have sub-introductions, exactly like sub-prefaces:
@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim {
@BeginSubIntroductions
@SubIntroduction ... @End @SubIntroduction
@SubIntroduction ... @End @SubIntroduction
@EndSubIntroductions
}
After the introduction comes a sequence of chapters in the usual style:
chapter. @Index @Code "@Chapter"
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"@Chapter"
"    @Title { Australian Native Plants }"
"@Begin"
"@PP"
"..."
"@End @Chapter"
}
No @Code "@BeginChapters" or @Code "@EndChapters" symbols are
beginchapters. @Index @Code "@BeginChapters"
endchapters. @Index @Code "@EndChapters"
needed, because these chapters are not inside any other large-scale
structure symbol.
@PP
In addition to all the usual options for large-scale structure symbols,
@Code "@Chapter" offers {@Code "@BypassWord"}, which may be used to
replace the `Chapter' word for this chapter only.  For example,
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"@Chapter"
"    @BypassWord { Appendix }"
"..."
}
could be used to place (what appears to the reader to be) an Appendix
at the end of a part, or indeed anywhere at all.  The chapter numbers
are not affected.  To change this word in all chapters, the
@Code "@ChapterWord" setup file option is preferred.
@PP
Within a chapter, there may be a sequence of sections,
each introduced by {@Code "@Section"}, all bracketed
section.books @SubIndex { in books }
by @Code "@BeginSections" and {@Code "@EndSections"}:
beginsections.books @SubIndex { in books }
endsections.books @SubIndex { in books }
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"preceding text"
"@BeginSections"
"@Section ... @End @Section"
"@Section ... @End @Section"
"..."
"@Section ... @End @Section"
"@EndSections"
}
Within each section there may be subsections, each introduced by
{@Code "@SubSection"}, and the sequence as a whole bracketed by
@Code "@BeginSubSections" and {@Code "@EndSubSections"}:
subsection.books @SubIndex { in books }
beginsubsections.books @SubIndex { in books }
endsubsections.books @SubIndex { in books }
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"preceding text"
"@BeginSubSections"
"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection"
"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection"
"..."
"@SubSection ... @End @SubSection"
"@EndSubSections"
}
The subsections may contain sub-subsections, but
subsubsection.books @SubIndex { in books }
beginsubsubsections.books @SubIndex { in books }
endsubsubsections.books @SubIndex { in books }
there are no sub-sub-subsections.
@PP
After the chapters comes an optional sequence of appendices.  Each
is introduced by @Code "@Appendix" in the usual way:
appendix.books @SubIndex { in books }
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"@Appendix"
"    @Title { Climatic Regions of Australia }"
"@Begin"
"@PP"
"..."
"@End @Appendix"
}
No @Code "@BeginAppendices" or @Code "@EndAppendices" symbols are
beginappendices.books @SubIndex { in books }
endappendices.books @SubIndex { in books }
needed, because (like chapters) these appendices do not lie inside
any other large-scale structure symbol.  The appendices are numbered
A, B, C, etc., as is conventional for them.  Within each appendix
there may be a sequence of subappendices, obtained with the
@Code "@SubAppendix" symbol and bracketed by
subappendix.books @SubIndex { in books }
@Code "@BeginSubAppendices" and {@Code "@EndSubAppendices"}:
beginsubappendices.books @SubIndex { in books }
endsubappendices.books @SubIndex { in books }
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"preceding text"
"@BeginSubAppendices"
"@SubAppendix ... @End @SubAppendix"
"@SubAppendix ... @End @SubAppendix"
"..."
"@SubAppendix ... @End @SubAppendix"
"@EndSubAppendices"
}
There are sub-subappendices following the same pattern, but no
subsubappendix.books @SubIndex { in books }
beginsubsubappendices.books @SubIndex { in books }
endsubsubappendices.books @SubIndex { in books }
sub-sub-subappendices.
@PP
Apart from any colophon, described below, the book ends with the last
chapter or appendix; any reference list or index will be appended
automatically.  Although we have described how to create books as
though everything was in one large file, in practice it is much better
to divide the book into multiple files, following the method given in
Section {@NumberOf organizing}.
@PP
In addition to the {@Code "@Title"} option, each large-scale structure
symbol (i.e. {@Code "@Preface"}, {@Code "@Introduction"}, {@Code "@Chapter"},
{@Code "@Section"}, {@Code "@SubSection"}, {@Code "@SubSubSection"},
{@Code "@Appendix"}, {@Code "@SubAppendix"}, and {@Code "@SubSubAppendix"})
has a @Code "@Tag" option for cross referencing (Section {@NumberOf cross}),
an @Code "@InitialLanguage" option for changing the language of that
part of the document, and a @Code "@RunningTitle" option which will be
used in place of @Code "@Title" in running headers if given.  This last
is useful when the full title is rather long.
@PP
The @Code "@Chapter" symbol has three additional options for dividing
parts. @Index { parts of books }
the book into parts:
part.number @Index @Code "@PartNumber"
part.title @Index @Code "@PartTitle"
part.text @Index @Code "@PartText"
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"@Chapter"
"    @PartNumber { Part A }"
"    @PartTitle { The Ancient World }"
"    @PartText { ... }"
}
Any chapter with a non-empty @Code "@PartNumber" or @Code "@PartTitle"
option will become the first chapter of a part.  It will be preceded
by two pages containing the part number, title, and text, and there
will also be an entry made in the table of contents.  Parts are @I not
numbered automatically:  you have to supply your own numbers or letters
as shown above.
@PP
After the last chapter or appendix, an optional colophon may be given:
@ID @OneRow @Code @Verbatim {
@Colophon @Begin
This document was typeset using the Lout document
formatting system.  The resulting PostScript file
was converted to PDF using GNU @I { ps2pdf }.
@End @Colophon
}
For this to work, however, the @Code "@MakeColophon" option of the
setup file must be changed to @Code Yes (see next paragraph).  A
colophon appears at the very end of the book, after the index.  It may
occupy several pages, and these will be numbered as usual.  See also
the @Code "@AtEnd" option above, which is intended to hold a one-page
unnumbered back cover.  As the example suggests, colophons these days
are generally used for notes concerning how a book was produced.  They
are an old form that has been revived; previously, according to my
dictionary, they contained information now printed on the title page.
@PP
A colophon is like a preface except that it appears at the end, and
should logically be implemented like the {@Code "@Preface"} symbol.
Unfortunately, owing to problems behind the scenes it has instead
been implemented like glossaries and indexes:  you have to set a
@Code "@MakeColophon" option in the setup file to {@Code Yes}.  There
are setup file options for setting the font and break style, column
number and column gap, and heading ({@Code "@ColophonFont"},
{@Code "@ColophonBreak"}, {@Code "@ColophonColumnNumber"},
{@Code "@ColophonColumnGap"}, and {@Code "@ColophonWord"}).  There are
also {@Code "@ColophonInContents"} and {@Code "@ColophonPrefix"}
options for determining whether the colophon appears in the table
of contents, and its prefix when structured page numbers are used.
@PP
In rare combinations of circumstances, another problem behind the
scenes sometimes causes the title of the Colophon to appear,
bizarrely, on the second page of the colophon.  If this happens
you can work around it by starting off the body of the colophon
with {@Code "@NP"}.
@PP
The features described in other chapters are all available within
books.  A table of contents and index will appear automatically, and
you will need to change the setup file to avoid them.  Endnotes will
appear at the end of the enclosing preface, introduction, chapter, or
appendix.  The numbering of figures and tables includes a chapter or
appendix number:  the first figure of Appendix C will be Figure C.1,
and so on.  Figures and tables within the preface or introduction are
numbered 1, 2, 3, etc.  A figure or table will never appear on the
same page as the beginning of a chapter or appendix.  References work
as described in Chapter {@NumberOf biblio}.  As explained there, it is
possible to have a list of references at the end of each chapter as well
as at the end of the book.
@PP
Within the @Code "book" setup file there is a @Code "@BookSetup"
booksetup. @Index @Code "@BookSetup"
symbol whose options control the appearance of features specific to books
(in other words, the features described in this section):
@ID @OneRow @Code {
"@Use { @BookSetup"
"    # @TitlePageFont { Helvetica Base }"
"    # @SeparateIntroNumbering { Yes }"
"    # @PrefaceAfterContents { No }"
"    # @ReferencesBeforeAppendices { No }"
"    # @ChapterStartPages { Any }"
"    # @ChapterWord { chapter }"
"    # @ChapterNumbers { Arabic }"
"    # @ChapterHeadingFont { Bold 2.00f }"
"    # @ChapterHeadingBreak { ragged 1.2fx nohyphen }"
"    # @ChapterHeadingFormat { number @DotSep title }"
"    # @AboveChapterGap { 3.00f }"
"    # @ChapterInContents { Yes }"
"    # @ChapterContentsIndent { 0f }"
"}"
}
This is just a representative sample of these options.  Section
{@NumberOf setup} explains how to make your own setup file and
change its options; here we just explain what the options do.
@PP
@Code "@TitlePageFont" is the font used on the title
title.page.font. @Index @Code "@TitlePageFont"
page of the book, not including a size.
@PP
@Code "@ChapterStartPages" determines what kinds of pages chapters and
chapter.start.pages @Index @Code "@ChapterStartPages"
other major components of the book may begin on, and may be {@Code Any},
{@Code Odd}, or {@Code Even}, meaning any page, odd-numbered pages only,
or even-numbered pages only.  It may also be {@Code SamePage}, which
means that chapters and appendices will continue directly after the
previous chapter or appendix, on the same page (other major components
such as the table of contents and index will start on a fresh page
as usual).  If you switch to {@Code SamePage}, you will probably need
to adjust {@Code "@ChapterHeadingFont"} and {@Code "@AboveChapterGap"},
described below, since their default values are intended for use with
chapters and appendices that start on a fresh page; and you will also
need to begin the body of your chapter with a paragraph symbol such as
@Code "@LP" or {@Code "@PP"}, since otherwise there will be no
vertical space between the chapter heading and body.
@PP
@Code "@SeparateIntroNumbering"
separate.intro.numbering @Index @Code "@SeparateIntroNumbering"
determines whether the introductory part of the book is to have a
separate numbering sequence or not.  @Code "@ReferencesBeforeAppendices"
references. @RawIndex references
references.references.before.appendices @SubIndex @Code "@ReferencesBeforeAppendices"
determines whether any final list of references appears before or
after any appendices.  @Code "@ChapterWord" determines
the word used in chapter titles; its default value, {@Code "chapter"},
produces `Chapter' in the current language.  The other six options control
the appearance of chapters, and there are similar options for controlling
the other large-scale structure symbols.
@PP
@Code "@ChapterNumbers" determines how chapters will be numbered, and may
be @Code { None }, @Code { Arabic }, @Code { Roman }, @Code { UCRoman },
@Code { Alpha }, or @Code { UCAlpha }.  The default value is @Code Arabic
for chapters and also for all large-scale structure symbols except
appendices, for which it is {@Code UCAlpha}.  This produces the appendices
numbered in upper-case letters (A, B, C, etc.) that were mentioned earlier.
@PP
@Code "@ChapterHeadingFont" is the font used for chapter headings.  The
default value shown above produces the bold face of the initial font
family, at twice the initial size.  A family name is acceptable
here as well.  @Code "@ChapterHeadingBreak" is the break style for
chapter headings.
@PP
@Code "@ChapterHeadingFormat" allows you to change
the format of the heading.  The symbol @Code "number" within it will
be replaced by the number of the chapter (actually including the word
Chapter as well in the current language, e.g. {@Code "Chapter 12"}); the
symbol @Code "title" within it will be replaced by the title.  So you could
write, say,
@ID @Code
"@ChapterHeadingFormat { @Box paint { lightgrey } { number @DP title } }"
to get the title below the number, both enclosed in a box.  The default
value uses the @Code "@DotSep" symbol from Section {@NumberOf headers}
to show the number and title separated by a dot and two spaces, like
@ID @Code "@ChapterHeadingFormat { number.  title }"
except when there is no number.  This option is applied
to other major headings, in the preface, introduction, table of
contents, appendices, reference list, and index.  In all these other
cases, @Code "number" is an empty object, except for appendices, when it
contains @Code "Appendix A" or whatever.
@PP
There is a @Code "@PartHeadingFormat" option for determining the
format of part headings.  It works in the same way as
{@Code "@ChapterHeadingFormat"}, with @Code "number" and @Code "title"
symbols standing for the relevant @Code "@PartNumber" and @Code "@PartTitle"
options.  The default value is
@ID @Code "@PartHeadingFormat { @CD number @DP @CD title }"
which centres the number and title.  The default paragraph breaking
style is {@Code "clines"}, but you may place a @Code "@Break" symbol
within @Code "@PartHeadingFormat" to change this.
@PP
The example of boxed titles for chapters given above suffers from two
practical deficiencies.  First, the box won't extend right across the
page, and second, when there is no @Code "number" we don't want
@Code "@DP" either.  Here is a value for @Code "@ChapterHeadingFormat"
that solves both problems:
@ID @OneCol @Code @Verbatim {
@ChapterHeadingFormat {
    number @Case {
        {} @Yield @Box paint { lightgrey } @HExpand { title }
        else @Yield @Box paint { lightgrey } @HExpand { number @DP title }
    }
}
}
The @Code "@Case" symbol (Expert's Guide @Cite { $kingston1995lout.expert })
distinguishes between the cases where @Code "number" is empty and non-empty;
the @Code "@HExpand" symbol expands the horizontal space occupied by the
heading to the maximum possible, so that when the box is drawn around it
it will occupy the full page width.  The format can be as
complicated as you like, and there is no need to squeeze it all onto
one line; as always, the end of a line is the same as one space.
@PP
Every chapter and appendix begins on a new page.  @Code "@AboveChapterGap"
determines how much space is left blank above the chapter title; the
default value is three times the initial font size.  There are similar
options for other large-scale structure symbols, which determine how
much space is left before each one.
@PP
@Code "@ChapterInContents" determines whether or not an entry is made in
the table of contents for each chapter; it may be @Code Yes or {@Code No},
but would always be {@Code Yes}.  The default value of the corresponding
options for sub-subsections and sub-subappendices, however, is {@Code No}.
@Code "@ChapterContentsIndent" determines how far from the left margin
the contents entry is indented if it is printed at all.  The default
value shown above causes no indenting; but the default values for
the corresponding @Code "@SectionrContentsIndent" and
@Code "@SubSectionrContentsIndent" symbols are @Code 3f and @Code 6f
respectively, producing the familiar indenting structure.
@End @Section