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<div class="section" id="module-urllib.parse">
<span id="urllib-parse-parse-urls-into-components"></span><h1>21.7. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-urllib.parse" title="urllib.parse: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></tt></a> — Parse URLs into components<a class="headerlink" href="#module-urllib.parse" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p id="index-0"><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.3/Lib/urllib/parse.py">Lib/urllib/parse.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>This module defines a standard interface to break Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
strings up in components (addressing scheme, network location, path etc.), to
combine the components back into a URL string, and to convert a “relative URL”
to an absolute URL given a “base URL.”</p>
<p>The module has been designed to match the Internet RFC on Relative Uniform
Resource Locators. It supports the following URL schemes: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">file</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ftp</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gopher</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hdl</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">https</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imap</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mailto</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mms</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">news</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nntp</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prospero</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rsync</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rtsp</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rtspu</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sftp</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shttp</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sip</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sips</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">snews</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">svn</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">svn+ssh</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">telnet</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wais</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-urllib.parse" title="urllib.parse: Parse URLs into or assemble them from components."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></tt></a> module defines functions that fall into two broad
categories: URL parsing and URL quoting. These are covered in detail in
the following sections.</p>
<div class="section" id="url-parsing">
<h2>21.7.1. URL Parsing<a class="headerlink" href="#url-parsing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The URL parsing functions focus on splitting a URL string into its components,
or on combining URL components into a URL string.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.urlparse">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">urlparse</tt><big>(</big><em>urlstring</em>, <em>scheme=''</em>, <em>allow_fragments=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parse a URL into six components, returning a 6-tuple. This corresponds to the
general structure of a URL: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment</span></tt>.
Each tuple item is a string, possibly empty. The components are not broken up in
smaller parts (for example, the network location is a single string), and %
escapes are not expanded. The delimiters as shown above are not part of the
result, except for a leading slash in the <em>path</em> component, which is retained if
present. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">urllib.parse</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">urlparse</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">o</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urlparse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">o</span>
<span class="go">ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',</span>
<span class="go"> params='', query='', fragment='')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scheme</span>
<span class="go">'http'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">port</span>
<span class="go">80</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">o</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geturl</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Following the syntax specifications in <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html"><strong>RFC 1808</strong></a>, urlparse recognizes
a netloc only if it is properly introduced by ‘//’. Otherwise the
input is presumed to be a relative URL and thus to start with
a path component.</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">urllib.parse</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">urlparse</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">urlparse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',</span>
<span class="go"> params='', query='', fragment='')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">urlparse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html',</span>
<span class="go"> params='', query='', fragment='')</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">urlparse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'help/Python.html'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='help/Python.html', params='',</span>
<span class="go"> query='', fragment='')</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If the <em>scheme</em> argument is specified, it gives the default addressing
scheme, to be used only if the URL does not specify one. The default value for
this argument is the empty string.</p>
<p>If the <em>allow_fragments</em> argument is false, fragment identifiers are not
allowed. The default value for this argument is <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><tt class="xref py py-const xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#tuple" title="tuple"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">tuple</span></tt></a>. This
class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="25%" />
<col width="10%" />
<col width="36%" />
<col width="30%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">Attribute</th>
<th class="head">Index</th>
<th class="head">Value</th>
<th class="head">Value if not present</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">scheme</span></tt></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>URL scheme specifier</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">netloc</span></tt></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>Network location part</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">path</span></tt></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>Hierarchical path</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">params</span></tt></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>Parameters for last path
element</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">query</span></tt></td>
<td>4</td>
<td>Query component</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">fragment</span></tt></td>
<td>5</td>
<td>Fragment identifier</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">username</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>User name</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">password</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>Password</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">hostname</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>Host name (lower case)</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">port</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>Port number as integer,
if present</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>See section <a class="reference internal" href="#urlparse-result-object"><em>Structured Parse Results</em></a> for more information on the result
object.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2:</span> Added IPv6 URL parsing capabilities.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> The fragment is now parsed for all URL schemes (unless <em>allow_fragment</em> is
false), in accordance with <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html"><strong>RFC 3986</strong></a>. Previously, a whitelist of
schemes that support fragments existed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.parse_qs">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">parse_qs</tt><big>(</big><em>qs</em>, <em>keep_blank_values=False</em>, <em>strict_parsing=False</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>errors='replace'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.parse_qs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type
<em class="mimetype">application/x-www-form-urlencoded</em>). Data are returned as a
dictionary. The dictionary keys are the unique query variable names and the
values are lists of values for each name.</p>
<p>The optional argument <em>keep_blank_values</em> is a flag indicating whether blank
values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value
indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false
value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
not included.</p>
<p>The optional argument <em>strict_parsing</em> is a flag indicating what to do with
parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
errors raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> exception.</p>
<p>The optional <em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> parameters specify how to decode
percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.decode" title="bytes.decode"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes.decode()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
<p>Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlencode" title="urllib.parse.urlencode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.parse.urlencode()</span></tt></a> function to convert such
dictionaries into query strings.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2:</span> Add <em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> parameters.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.parse_qsl">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">parse_qsl</tt><big>(</big><em>qs</em>, <em>keep_blank_values=False</em>, <em>strict_parsing=False</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>errors='replace'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.parse_qsl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type
<em class="mimetype">application/x-www-form-urlencoded</em>). Data are returned as a list of
name, value pairs.</p>
<p>The optional argument <em>keep_blank_values</em> is a flag indicating whether blank
values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value
indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false
value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
not included.</p>
<p>The optional argument <em>strict_parsing</em> is a flag indicating what to do with
parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true,
errors raise a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> exception.</p>
<p>The optional <em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> parameters specify how to decode
percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.decode" title="bytes.decode"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes.decode()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
<p>Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlencode" title="urllib.parse.urlencode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.parse.urlencode()</span></tt></a> function to convert such lists of pairs into
query strings.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2:</span> Add <em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> parameters.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.urlunparse">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">urlunparse</tt><big>(</big><em>parts</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urlunparse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Construct a URL from a tuple as returned by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></tt>. The <em>parts</em>
argument can be any six-item iterable. This may result in a slightly
different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had
unnecessary delimiters (for example, a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">?</span></tt> with an empty query; the RFC
states that these are equivalent).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.urlsplit">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">urlsplit</tt><big>(</big><em>urlstring</em>, <em>scheme=''</em>, <em>allow_fragments=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></tt></a>, but does not split the params from the URL.
This should generally be used instead of <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></tt></a> if the more recent URL
syntax allowing parameters to be applied to each segment of the <em>path</em> portion
of the URL (see <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html"><strong>RFC 2396</strong></a>) is wanted. A separate function is needed to
separate the path segments and parameters. This function returns a 5-tuple:
(addressing scheme, network location, path, query, fragment identifier).</p>
<p>The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#tuple" title="tuple"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">tuple</span></tt></a>. This
class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="25%" />
<col width="10%" />
<col width="35%" />
<col width="31%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">Attribute</th>
<th class="head">Index</th>
<th class="head">Value</th>
<th class="head">Value if not present</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">scheme</span></tt></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>URL scheme specifier</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">netloc</span></tt></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>Network location part</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">path</span></tt></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>Hierarchical path</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">query</span></tt></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>Query component</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">fragment</span></tt></td>
<td>4</td>
<td>Fragment identifier</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">username</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>User name</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">password</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>Password</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">hostname</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>Host name (lower case)</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">port</span></tt></td>
<td> </td>
<td>Port number as integer,
if present</td>
<td><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><tt class="xref py py-const xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>See section <a class="reference internal" href="#urlparse-result-object"><em>Structured Parse Results</em></a> for more information on the result
object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.urlunsplit">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">urlunsplit</tt><big>(</big><em>parts</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urlunsplit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlsplit()</span></tt></a> into a
complete URL as a string. The <em>parts</em> argument can be any five-item
iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the
URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ?
with an empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.urljoin">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">urljoin</tt><big>(</big><em>base</em>, <em>url</em>, <em>allow_fragments=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urljoin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Construct a full (“absolute”) URL by combining a “base URL” (<em>base</em>) with
another URL (<em>url</em>). Informally, this uses components of the base URL, in
particular the addressing scheme, the network location and (part of) the
path, to provide missing components in the relative URL. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">urllib.parse</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">urljoin</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">urljoin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'FAQ.html'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/FAQ.html'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <em>allow_fragments</em> argument has the same meaning and default as for
<a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">If <em>url</em> is an absolute URL (that is, starting with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">//</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scheme://</span></tt>),
the <em>url</em>‘s host name and/or scheme will be present in the result. For example:</p>
</div>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">urljoin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="s">'//www.python.org/%7Eguido'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'http://www.python.org/%7Eguido'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you do not want that behavior, preprocess the <em>url</em> with <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlsplit()</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlunsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlunsplit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlunsplit()</span></tt></a>, removing possible <em>scheme</em> and <em>netloc</em> parts.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.urldefrag">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">urldefrag</tt><big>(</big><em>url</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urldefrag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If <em>url</em> contains a fragment identifier, return a modified version of <em>url</em>
with no fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier as a separate
string. If there is no fragment identifier in <em>url</em>, return <em>url</em> unmodified
and an empty string.</p>
<p>The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#tuple" title="tuple"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">tuple</span></tt></a>. This
class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="25%" />
<col width="10%" />
<col width="35%" />
<col width="31%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">Attribute</th>
<th class="head">Index</th>
<th class="head">Value</th>
<th class="head">Value if not present</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">url</span></tt></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>URL with no fragment</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">fragment</span></tt></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>Fragment identifier</td>
<td>empty string</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>See section <a class="reference internal" href="#urlparse-result-object"><em>Structured Parse Results</em></a> for more information on the result
object.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2:</span> Result is a structured object rather than a simple 2-tuple.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>21.7.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes<a class="headerlink" href="#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The URL parsing functions were originally designed to operate on character
strings only. In practice, it is useful to be able to manipulate properly
quoted and encoded URLs as sequences of ASCII bytes. Accordingly, the
URL parsing functions in this module all operate on <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></tt></a> objects in addition to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> objects.</p>
<p>If <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> data is passed in, the result will also contain only
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> data. If <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></tt></a> data is
passed in, the result will contain only <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a> data.</p>
<p>Attempting to mix <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> data with <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></tt></a> in a single function call will result in a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a> being raised, while attempting to pass in non-ASCII
byte values will trigger <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#UnicodeDecodeError" title="UnicodeDecodeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeDecodeError</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>To support easier conversion of result objects between <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a>, all return values from URL parsing functions provide
either an <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">encode()</span></tt> method (when the result contains <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>
data) or a <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">decode()</span></tt> method (when the result contains <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a>
data). The signatures of these methods match those of the corresponding
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a> methods (except that the default encoding
is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'ascii'</span></tt> rather than <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></tt>). Each produces a value of a
corresponding type that contains either <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a> data (for
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">encode()</span></tt> methods) or <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> data (for
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">decode()</span></tt> methods).</p>
<p>Applications that need to operate on potentially improperly quoted URLs
that may contain non-ASCII data will need to do their own decoding from
bytes to characters before invoking the URL parsing methods.</p>
<p>The behaviour described in this section applies only to the URL parsing
functions. The URL quoting functions use their own rules when producing
or consuming byte sequences as detailed in the documentation of the
individual URL quoting functions.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2:</span> URL parsing functions now accept ASCII encoded byte sequences</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="structured-parse-results">
<span id="urlparse-result-object"></span><h2>21.7.3. Structured Parse Results<a class="headerlink" href="#structured-parse-results" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The result objects from the <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlsplit()</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urldefrag" title="urllib.parse.urldefrag"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urldefrag()</span></tt></a> functions are subclasses of the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#tuple" title="tuple"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">tuple</span></tt></a> type.
These subclasses add the attributes listed in the documentation for
those functions, the encoding and decoding support described in the
previous section, as well as an additional method:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="urllib.parse.urllib.parse.SplitResult.geturl">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.SplitResult.</tt><tt class="descname">geturl</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urllib.parse.SplitResult.geturl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the re-combined version of the original URL as a string. This may
differ from the original URL in that the scheme may be normalized to lower
case and empty components may be dropped. Specifically, empty parameters,
queries, and fragment identifiers will be removed.</p>
<p>For <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urldefrag" title="urllib.parse.urldefrag"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urldefrag()</span></tt></a> results, only empty fragment identifiers will be removed.
For <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlsplit()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></tt></a> results, all noted changes will be
made to the URL returned by this method.</p>
<p>The result of this method remains unchanged if passed back through the original
parsing function:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">urllib.parse</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">urlsplit</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'HTTP://www.Python.org/doc/#'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urlsplit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geturl</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'http://www.Python.org/doc/'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urlsplit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geturl</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">r2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">geturl</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">'http://www.Python.org/doc/'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The following classes provide the implementations of the structured parse
results when operating on <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> objects:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="urllib.parse.DefragResult">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">DefragResult</tt><big>(</big><em>url</em>, <em>fragment</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.DefragResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urldefrag" title="urllib.parse.urldefrag"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urldefrag()</span></tt></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>
data. The <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">encode()</span></tt> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes" title="urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefragResultBytes</span></tt></a>
instance.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span> </p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="urllib.parse.ParseResult">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">ParseResult</tt><big>(</big><em>scheme</em>, <em>netloc</em>, <em>path</em>, <em>params</em>, <em>query</em>, <em>fragment</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.ParseResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></tt></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>
data. The <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">encode()</span></tt> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes" title="urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseResultBytes</span></tt></a>
instance.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="urllib.parse.SplitResult">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">SplitResult</tt><big>(</big><em>scheme</em>, <em>netloc</em>, <em>path</em>, <em>query</em>, <em>fragment</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.SplitResult" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlsplit()</span></tt></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>
data. The <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">encode()</span></tt> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes" title="urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitResultBytes</span></tt></a>
instance.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The following classes provide the implementations of the parse results when
operating on <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></tt></a> objects:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">DefragResultBytes</tt><big>(</big><em>url</em>, <em>fragment</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.DefragResultBytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urldefrag" title="urllib.parse.urldefrag"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urldefrag()</span></tt></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a>
data. The <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">decode()</span></tt> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.DefragResult" title="urllib.parse.DefragResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefragResult</span></tt></a>
instance.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span> </p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">ParseResultBytes</tt><big>(</big><em>scheme</em>, <em>netloc</em>, <em>path</em>, <em>params</em>, <em>query</em>, <em>fragment</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.ParseResultBytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlparse" title="urllib.parse.urlparse"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlparse()</span></tt></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a>
data. The <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">decode()</span></tt> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.ParseResult" title="urllib.parse.ParseResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ParseResult</span></tt></a>
instance.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span> </p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">SplitResultBytes</tt><big>(</big><em>scheme</em>, <em>netloc</em>, <em>path</em>, <em>query</em>, <em>fragment</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.SplitResultBytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Concrete class for <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.urlsplit" title="urllib.parse.urlsplit"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlsplit()</span></tt></a> results containing <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a>
data. The <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">decode()</span></tt> method returns a <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.SplitResult" title="urllib.parse.SplitResult"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitResult</span></tt></a>
instance.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span> </p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="url-quoting">
<h2>21.7.4. URL Quoting<a class="headerlink" href="#url-quoting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The URL quoting functions focus on taking program data and making it safe
for use as URL components by quoting special characters and appropriately
encoding non-ASCII text. They also support reversing these operations to
recreate the original data from the contents of a URL component if that
task isn’t already covered by the URL parsing functions above.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.quote">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">quote</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>safe='/'</em>, <em>encoding=None</em>, <em>errors=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.quote" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Replace special characters in <em>string</em> using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%xx</span></tt> escape. Letters,
digits, and the characters <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'_.-'</span></tt> are never quoted. By default, this
function is intended for quoting the path section of URL. The optional <em>safe</em>
parameter specifies additional ASCII characters that should not be quoted
— its default value is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/'</span></tt>.</p>
<p><em>string</em> may be either a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> or a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The optional <em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> parameters specify how to deal with
non-ASCII characters, as accepted by the <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str.encode" title="str.encode"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">str.encode()</span></tt></a> method.
<em>encoding</em> defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></tt>.
<em>errors</em> defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'strict'</span></tt>, meaning unsupported characters raise a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#UnicodeEncodeError" title="UnicodeEncodeError"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeEncodeError</span></tt></a>.
<em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> must not be supplied if <em>string</em> is a
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a>, or a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a> is raised.</p>
<p>Note that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote(string,</span> <span class="pre">safe,</span> <span class="pre">encoding,</span> <span class="pre">errors)</span></tt> is equivalent to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote_from_bytes(string.encode(encoding,</span> <span class="pre">errors),</span> <span class="pre">safe)</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote('/El</span> <span class="pre">Niño/')</span></tt> yields <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/'</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.quote_plus">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">quote_plus</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>safe=''</em>, <em>encoding=None</em>, <em>errors=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.quote_plus" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.quote" title="urllib.parse.quote"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote()</span></tt></a>, but also replace spaces by plus signs, as required for
quoting HTML form values when building up a query string to go into a URL.
Plus signs in the original string are escaped unless they are included in
<em>safe</em>. It also does not have <em>safe</em> default to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/'</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote_plus('/El</span> <span class="pre">Niño/')</span></tt> yields <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'%2FEl+Ni%C3%B1o%2F'</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.quote_from_bytes">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">quote_from_bytes</tt><big>(</big><em>bytes</em>, <em>safe='/'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.quote_from_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.quote" title="urllib.parse.quote"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote()</span></tt></a>, but accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a> object rather than a
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>, and does not perform string-to-bytes encoding.</p>
<p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote_from_bytes(b'a&\xef')</span></tt> yields
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'a%26%EF'</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.unquote">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">unquote</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>errors='replace'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.unquote" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Replace <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%xx</span></tt> escapes by their single-character equivalent.
The optional <em>encoding</em> and <em>errors</em> parameters specify how to decode
percent-encoded sequences into Unicode characters, as accepted by the
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bytes.decode" title="bytes.decode"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes.decode()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
<p><em>string</em> must be a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p><em>encoding</em> defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'utf-8'</span></tt>.
<em>errors</em> defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'replace'</span></tt>, meaning invalid sequences are replaced
by a placeholder character.</p>
<p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unquote('/El%20Ni%C3%B1o/')</span></tt> yields <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/El</span> <span class="pre">Niño/'</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.unquote_plus">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">unquote_plus</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>encoding='utf-8'</em>, <em>errors='replace'</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.unquote_plus" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.unquote" title="urllib.parse.unquote"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unquote()</span></tt></a>, but also replace plus signs by spaces, as required for
unquoting HTML form values.</p>
<p><em>string</em> must be a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unquote_plus('/El+Ni%C3%B1o/')</span></tt> yields <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'/El</span> <span class="pre">Niño/'</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">unquote_to_bytes</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Replace <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%xx</span></tt> escapes by their single-octet equivalent, and return a
<a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a> object.</p>
<p><em>string</em> may be either a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> or a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If it is a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>, unescaped non-ASCII characters in <em>string</em>
are encoded into UTF-8 bytes.</p>
<p>Example: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unquote_to_bytes('a%26%EF')</span></tt> yields <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">b'a&\xef'</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.parse.urlencode">
<tt class="descclassname">urllib.parse.</tt><tt class="descname">urlencode</tt><big>(</big><em>query</em>, <em>doseq=False</em>, <em>safe=''</em>, <em>encoding=None</em>, <em>errors=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.parse.urlencode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert a mapping object or a sequence of two-element tuples, which may
either be a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a> or a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a>, to a “percent-encoded”
string. If the resultant string is to be used as a <em>data</em> for POST
operation with <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">urlopen()</span></tt> function, then it should be properly encoded
to bytes, otherwise it would result in a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>The resulting string is a series of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">key=value</span></tt> pairs separated by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'&'</span></tt>
characters, where both <em>key</em> and <em>value</em> are quoted using <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.quote_plus" title="urllib.parse.quote_plus"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote_plus()</span></tt></a>
above. When a sequence of two-element tuples is used as the <em>query</em>
argument, the first element of each tuple is a key and the second is a
value. The value element in itself can be a sequence and in that case, if
the optional parameter <em>doseq</em> is evaluates to <em>True</em>, individual
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">key=value</span></tt> pairs separated by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'&'</span></tt> are generated for each element of
the value sequence for the key. The order of parameters in the encoded
string will match the order of parameter tuples in the sequence.</p>
<p>When <em>query</em> parameter is a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a>, the <em>safe</em>, <em>encoding</em> and <em>error</em>
parameters are passed down to <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.quote_plus" title="urllib.parse.quote_plus"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">quote_plus()</span></tt></a> for encoding.</p>
<p>To reverse this encoding process, <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.parse_qs" title="urllib.parse.parse_qs"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_qs()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#urllib.parse.parse_qsl" title="urllib.parse.parse_qsl"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">parse_qsl()</span></tt></a> are
provided in this module to parse query strings into Python data structures.</p>
<p>Refer to <a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib-examples"><em>urllib examples</em></a> to find out how urlencode
method can be used for generating query string for a URL or data for POST.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2:</span> Query parameter supports bytes and string objects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html"><strong>RFC 3986</strong></a> - Uniform Resource Identifiers</dt>
<dd>This is the current standard (STD66). Any changes to urllib.parse module
should conform to this. Certain deviations could be observed, which are
mostly for backward compatibility purposes and for certain de-facto
parsing requirements as commonly observed in major browsers.</dd>
<dt><span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2732.html"><strong>RFC 2732</strong></a> - Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL’s.</dt>
<dd>This specifies the parsing requirements of IPv6 URLs.</dd>
<dt><span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html"><strong>RFC 2396</strong></a> - Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax</dt>
<dd>Document describing the generic syntactic requirements for both Uniform Resource
Names (URNs) and Uniform Resource Locators (URLs).</dd>
<dt><span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2368.html"><strong>RFC 2368</strong></a> - The mailto URL scheme.</dt>
<dd>Parsing requirements for mailto url schemes.</dd>
<dt><span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html"><strong>RFC 1808</strong></a> - Relative Uniform Resource Locators</dt>
<dd>This Request For Comments includes the rules for joining an absolute and a
relative URL, including a fair number of “Abnormal Examples” which govern the
treatment of border cases.</dd>
<dt><span class="target" id="index-9"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1738.html"><strong>RFC 1738</strong></a> - Uniform Resource Locators (URL)</dt>
<dd>This specifies the formal syntax and semantics of absolute URLs.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">21.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></tt> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#url-parsing">21.7.1. URL Parsing</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">21.7.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#structured-parse-results">21.7.3. Structured Parse Results</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#url-quoting">21.7.4. URL Quoting</a></li>
</ul>
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</ul>
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