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<div class="section" id="module-shutil">
<span id="shutil-high-level-file-operations"></span><h1>11.9. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-shutil" title="shutil: High-level file operations, including copying."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt></a> — High-level file operations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-shutil" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p id="index-0"><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.3/Lib/shutil.py">Lib/shutil.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-shutil" title="shutil: High-level file operations, including copying."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt></a> module offers a number of high-level operations on files and
collections of files. In particular, functions are provided which support file
copying and removal. For operations on individual files, see also the
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></tt></a> module.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Even the higher-level file copying functions (<a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy" title="shutil.copy"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.copy()</span></tt></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.copy2()</span></tt></a>) cannot copy all file metadata.</p>
<p class="last">On POSIX platforms, this means that file owner and group are lost as well
as ACLs. On Mac OS, the resource fork and other metadata are not used.
This means that resources will be lost and file type and creator codes will
not be correct. On Windows, file owners, ACLs and alternate data streams
are not copied.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="directory-and-files-operations">
<span id="file-operations"></span><h2>11.9.1. Directory and files operations<a class="headerlink" href="#directory-and-files-operations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.copyfileobj">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copyfileobj</tt><big>(</big><em>fsrc</em>, <em>fdst</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>length</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copyfileobj" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Copy the contents of the file-like object <em>fsrc</em> to the file-like object <em>fdst</em>.
The integer <em>length</em>, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative
<em>length</em> value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in
chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled memory
consumption. Note that if the current file position of the <em>fsrc</em> object is not
0, only the contents from the current file position to the end of the file will
be copied.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.copyfile">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copyfile</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>follow_symlinks=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copyfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named <em>src</em> to a file named
<em>dst</em> and return <em>dst</em>. <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em> are path names given as strings.
<em>dst</em> must be the complete target file name; look at <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy" title="shutil.copy"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.copy()</span></tt></a>
for a copy that accepts a target directory path. If <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em>
specify the same file, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.Error" title="shutil.Error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">Error</span></tt></a> is raised.</p>
<p>The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">OSError</span></tt></a>
exception will be raised. If <em>dst</em> already exists, it will be replaced.
Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be
copied with this function.</p>
<p>If <em>follow_symlinks</em> is false and <em>src</em> is a symbolic link,
a new symbolic link will be created instead of copying the
file <em>src</em> points to.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#IOError" title="IOError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt></a> used to be raised instead of <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">OSError</span></tt></a>.
Added <em>follow_symlinks</em> argument.
Now returns <em>dst</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.copymode">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copymode</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>follow_symlinks=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copymode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Copy the permission bits from <em>src</em> to <em>dst</em>. The file contents, owner, and
group are unaffected. <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em> are path names given as strings.
If <em>follow_symlinks</em> is false, and both <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em> are symbolic links,
<a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copymode" title="shutil.copymode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copymode()</span></tt></a> will attempt to modify the mode of <em>dst</em> itself (rather
than the file it points to). This functionality is not available on every
platform; please see <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a> for more information. If
<a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copymode" title="shutil.copymode"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copymode()</span></tt></a> cannot modify symbolic links on the local platform, and it
is asked to do so, it will do nothing and return.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> Added <em>follow_symlinks</em> argument.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.copystat">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copystat</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>follow_symlinks=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copystat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and
flags from <em>src</em> to <em>dst</em>. On Linux, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a> also copies the
“extended attributes” where possible. The file contents, owner, and
group are unaffected. <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em> are path names given as strings.</p>
<p>If <em>follow_symlinks</em> is false, and <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em> both
refer to symbolic links, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a> will operate on
the symbolic links themselves rather than the files the
symbolic links refer to–reading the information from the
<em>src</em> symbolic link, and writing the information to the
<em>dst</em> symbolic link.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Not all platforms provide the ability to examine and
modify symbolic links. Python itself can tell you what
functionality is locally available.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.chmod</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">os.supports_follow_symlinks</span></tt> is
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a> can modify the permission
bits of a symbolic link.</li>
<li>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.utime</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">os.supports_follow_symlinks</span></tt> is
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a> can modify the last access
and modification times of a symbolic link.</li>
<li>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.chflags</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">os.supports_follow_symlinks</span></tt> is
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a> can modify the flags of
a symbolic link. (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.chflags</span></tt> is not available on
all platforms.)</li>
</ul>
<p>On platforms where some or all of this functionality
is unavailable, when asked to modify a symbolic link,
<a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a> will copy everything it can.
<a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a> never returns failure.</p>
<p class="last">Please see <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.supports_follow_symlinks" title="os.supports_follow_symlinks"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.supports_follow_symlinks</span></tt></a>
for more information.</p>
</div>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> Added <em>follow_symlinks</em> argument and support for Linux extended attributes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.copy">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copy</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>follow_symlinks=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Copies the file <em>src</em> to the file or directory <em>dst</em>. <em>src</em> and <em>dst</em>
should be strings. If <em>dst</em> specifies a directory, the file will be
copied into <em>dst</em> using the base filename from <em>src</em>. Returns the
path to the newly created file.</p>
<p>If <em>follow_symlinks</em> is false, and <em>src</em> is a symbolic link,
<em>dst</em> will be created as a symbolic link. If <em>follow_symlinks</em>
is true and <em>src</em> is a symbolic link, <em>dst</em> will be a copy of
the file <em>src</em> refers to.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="copy.html#module-copy" title="copy: Shallow and deep copy operations."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy()</span></tt></a> copies the file data and the file’s permission
mode (see <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.chmod" title="os.chmod"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.chmod()</span></tt></a>). Other metadata, like the
file’s creation and modification times, is not preserved.
To preserve all file metadata from the original, use
<a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy2()</span></tt></a> instead.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> Added <em>follow_symlinks</em> argument.
Now returns path to the newly created file.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.copy2">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copy2</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>follow_symlinks=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copy2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Identical to <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy" title="shutil.copy"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy()</span></tt></a> except that <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy2()</span></tt></a>
also attempts to preserve all file metadata.</p>
<p>When <em>follow_symlinks</em> is false, and <em>src</em> is a symbolic
link, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy2()</span></tt></a> attempts to copy all metadata from the
<em>src</em> symbolic link to the newly-created <em>dst</em> symbolic link.
However, this functionality is not available on all platforms.
On platforms where some or all of this functionality is
unavailable, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy2()</span></tt></a> will preserve all the metadata
it can; <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy2()</span></tt></a> never returns failure.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy2()</span></tt></a> uses <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a> to copy the file metadata.
Please see <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a> for more information
about platform support for modifying symbolic link metadata.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> Added <em>follow_symlinks</em> argument, try to copy extended
file system attributes too (currently Linux only).
Now returns path to the newly created file.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.ignore_patterns">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">ignore_patterns</tt><big>(</big><em>*patterns</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.ignore_patterns" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This factory function creates a function that can be used as a callable for
<a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copytree" title="shutil.copytree"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copytree()</span></tt></a>‘s <em>ignore</em> argument, ignoring files and directories that
match one of the glob-style <em>patterns</em> provided. See the example below.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.copytree">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">copytree</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em>, <em>symlinks=False</em>, <em>ignore=None</em>, <em>copy_function=copy2</em>, <em>ignore_dangling_symlinks=False</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.copytree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at <em>src</em>, returning the
destination directory. The destination
directory, named by <em>dst</em>, must not already exist; it will be created as
well as missing parent directories. Permissions and times of directories
are copied with <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copystat" title="shutil.copystat"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copystat()</span></tt></a>, individual files are copied using
<a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.copy2()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>symlinks</em> is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as
symbolic links in the new tree and the metadata of the original links will
be copied as far as the platform allows; if false or omitted, the contents
and metadata of the linked files are copied to the new tree.</p>
<p>When <em>symlinks</em> is false, if the file pointed by the symlink doesn’t
exist, a exception will be added in the list of errors raised in
a <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.Error" title="shutil.Error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">Error</span></tt></a> exception at the end of the copy process.
You can set the optional <em>ignore_dangling_symlinks</em> flag to true if you
want to silence this exception. Notice that this option has no effect
on platforms that don’t support <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.symlink" title="os.symlink"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.symlink()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If <em>ignore</em> is given, it must be a callable that will receive as its
arguments the directory being visited by <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copytree" title="shutil.copytree"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copytree()</span></tt></a>, and a list of its
contents, as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.listdir" title="os.listdir"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.listdir()</span></tt></a>. Since <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copytree" title="shutil.copytree"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copytree()</span></tt></a> is
called recursively, the <em>ignore</em> callable will be called once for each
directory that is copied. The callable must return a sequence of directory
and file names relative to the current directory (i.e. a subset of the items
in its second argument); these names will then be ignored in the copy
process. <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.ignore_patterns" title="shutil.ignore_patterns"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ignore_patterns()</span></tt></a> can be used to create such a callable that
ignores names based on glob-style patterns.</p>
<p>If exception(s) occur, an <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.Error" title="shutil.Error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">Error</span></tt></a> is raised with a list of reasons.</p>
<p>If <em>copy_function</em> is given, it must be a callable that will be used to copy
each file. It will be called with the source path and the destination path
as arguments. By default, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.copy2()</span></tt></a> is used, but any function
that supports the same signature (like <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy" title="shutil.copy"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.copy()</span></tt></a>) can be used.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> Copy metadata when <em>symlinks</em> is false.
Now returns <em>dst</em>.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2:</span> Added the <em>copy_function</em> argument to be able to provide a custom copy
function.
Added the <em>ignore_dangling_symlinks</em> argument to silent dangling symlinks
errors when <em>symlinks</em> is false.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.rmtree">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">rmtree</tt><big>(</big><em>path</em>, <em>ignore_errors=False</em>, <em>onerror=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.rmtree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-1">Delete an entire directory tree; <em>path</em> must point to a directory (but not a
symbolic link to a directory). If <em>ignore_errors</em> is true, errors resulting
from failed removals will be ignored; if false or omitted, such errors are
handled by calling a handler specified by <em>onerror</em> or, if that is omitted,
they raise an exception.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">On platforms that support the necessary fd-based functions a symlink
attack resistant version of <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.rmtree" title="shutil.rmtree"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">rmtree()</span></tt></a> is used by default. On other
platforms, the <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.rmtree" title="shutil.rmtree"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">rmtree()</span></tt></a> implementation is susceptible to a symlink
attack: given proper timing and circumstances, attackers can manipulate
symlinks on the filesystem to delete files they wouldn’t be able to access
otherwise. Applications can use the <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks" title="shutil.rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks</span></tt></a>
function attribute to determine which case applies.</p>
</div>
<p>If <em>onerror</em> is provided, it must be a callable that accepts three
parameters: <em>function</em>, <em>path</em>, and <em>excinfo</em>.</p>
<p>The first parameter, <em>function</em>, is the function which raised the exception;
it depends on the platform and implementation. The second parameter,
<em>path</em>, will be the path name passed to <em>function</em>. The third parameter,
<em>excinfo</em>, will be the exception information returned by
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.exc_info()</span></tt></a>. Exceptions raised by <em>onerror</em> will not be caught.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> Added a symlink attack resistant version that is used automatically
if platform supports fd-based functions.</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="shutil.rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks">
<tt class="descclassname">rmtree.</tt><tt class="descname">avoids_symlink_attacks</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Indicates whether the current platform and implementation provides a
symlink attack resistant version of <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.rmtree" title="shutil.rmtree"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">rmtree()</span></tt></a>. Currently this is
only true for platforms supporting fd-based directory access functions.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span> </p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.move">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">move</tt><big>(</big><em>src</em>, <em>dst</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.move" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Recursively move a file or directory (<em>src</em>) to another location (<em>dst</em>)
and return the destination.</p>
<p>If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, then <em>src</em> is
moved inside that directory.</p>
<p>The destination directory must not already exist. If the destination already
exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.rename" title="os.rename"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.rename()</span></tt></a> semantics.</p>
<p>If the destination is on the current filesystem, then <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.rename" title="os.rename"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.rename()</span></tt></a> is
used. Otherwise, <em>src</em> is copied (using <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.copy2()</span></tt></a>) to <em>dst</em> and
then removed. In case of symlinks, a new symlink pointing to the target of
<em>src</em> will be created in or as <em>dst</em> and <em>src</em> will be removed.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> Added explicit symlink handling for foreign filesystems, thus adapting
it to the behavior of GNU’s <strong class="program">mv</strong>.
Now returns <em>dst</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.disk_usage">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">disk_usage</tt><big>(</big><em>path</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.disk_usage" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return disk usage statistics about the given path as a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-named-tuple"><em class="xref std std-term">named tuple</em></a>
with the attributes <em>total</em>, <em>used</em> and <em>free</em>, which are the amount of
total, used and free space, in bytes.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span> </p>
<p>Availability: Unix, Windows.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.chown">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">chown</tt><big>(</big><em>path</em>, <em>user=None</em>, <em>group=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.chown" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Change owner <em>user</em> and/or <em>group</em> of the given <em>path</em>.</p>
<p><em>user</em> can be a system user name or a uid; the same applies to <em>group</em>. At
least one argument is required.</p>
<p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.chown" title="os.chown"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.chown()</span></tt></a>, the underlying function.</p>
<p>Availability: Unix.</p>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span> </p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.which">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">which</tt><big>(</big><em>cmd</em>, <em>mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK</em>, <em>path=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.which" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the path to an executable which would be run if the given <em>cmd</em> was
called. If no <em>cmd</em> would be called, return <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>.</p>
<p><em>mode</em> is a permission mask passed a to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.access" title="os.access"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.access()</span></tt></a>, by default
determining if the file exists and executable.</p>
<p>When no <em>path</em> is specified, the results of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.environ" title="os.environ"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.environ()</span></tt></a> are used,
returning either the “PATH” value or a fallback of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.defpath" title="os.defpath"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.defpath</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>On Windows, the current directory is always prepended to the <em>path</em> whether
or not you use the default or provide your own, which is the behavior the
command shell uses when finding executables. Additionaly, when finding the
<em>cmd</em> in the <em>path</em>, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PATHEXT</span></tt> environment variable is checked. For
example, if you call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.which("python")</span></tt>, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.which" title="shutil.which"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">which()</span></tt></a> will search
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PATHEXT</span></tt> to know that it should look for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python.exe</span></tt> within the <em>path</em>
directories. For example, on Windows:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">shutil</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">which</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"python"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'c:\\python33\\python.exe'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span> </p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="shutil.Error">
<em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">Error</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.Error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This exception collects exceptions that are raised during a multi-file
operation. For <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copytree" title="shutil.copytree"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copytree()</span></tt></a>, the exception argument is a list of 3-tuples
(<em>srcname</em>, <em>dstname</em>, <em>exception</em>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="copytree-example">
<span id="shutil-copytree-example"></span><h3>11.9.1.1. copytree example<a class="headerlink" href="#copytree-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>This example is the implementation of the <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.copytree" title="shutil.copytree"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">copytree()</span></tt></a> function, described
above, with the docstring omitted. It demonstrates many of the other functions
provided by this module.</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">copytree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">symlinks</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="k">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">makedirs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">errors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">srcname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">dstname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">symlinks</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">islink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">linkto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">readlink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">symlink</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">linkto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dstname</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">copytree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dstname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">symlinks</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">copy2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dstname</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># XXX What about devices, sockets etc.?</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="ne">IOError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">why</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">errors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">srcname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dstname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">why</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="c"># catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can</span>
<span class="c"># continue with other files</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">Error</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">errors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">err</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">copystat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">WindowsError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c"># can't copy file access times on Windows</span>
<span class="k">pass</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">OSError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">why</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">errors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extend</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dst</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">why</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">errors</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">errors</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Another example that uses the <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.ignore_patterns" title="shutil.ignore_patterns"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">ignore_patterns()</span></tt></a> helper:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">shutil</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">copytree</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ignore_patterns</span>
<span class="n">copytree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">destination</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ignore</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ignore_patterns</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'*.pyc'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'tmp*'</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will copy everything except <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></tt> files and files or directories whose
name starts with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tmp</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Another example that uses the <em>ignore</em> argument to add a logging call:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">shutil</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">copytree</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">logging</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_logpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Working in %s'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="c"># nothing will be ignored</span>
<span class="n">copytree</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">destination</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ignore</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_logpath</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="archiving-operations">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>11.9.2. Archiving operations<a class="headerlink" href="#archiving-operations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span> </p>
<p>High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also
provided. They rely on the <a class="reference internal" href="zipfile.html#module-zipfile" title="zipfile: Read and write ZIP-format archive files."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">zipfile</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="tarfile.html#module-tarfile" title="tarfile: Read and write tar-format archive files."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">tarfile</span></tt></a> modules.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.make_archive">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">make_archive</tt><big>(</big><em>base_name</em>, <em>format</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>root_dir</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>base_dir</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>verbose</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>dry_run</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>owner</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>group</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>logger</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.make_archive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create an archive file (such as zip or tar) and return its name.</p>
<p><em>base_name</em> is the name of the file to create, including the path, minus
any format-specific extension. <em>format</em> is the archive format: one of
“zip”, “tar”, “bztar” (if the <a class="reference internal" href="bz2.html#module-bz2" title="bz2: Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bz2</span></tt></a> module is available) or “gztar”.</p>
<p><em>root_dir</em> is a directory that will be the root directory of the
archive; for example, we typically chdir into <em>root_dir</em> before creating the
archive.</p>
<p><em>base_dir</em> is the directory where we start archiving from;
i.e. <em>base_dir</em> will be the common prefix of all files and
directories in the archive.</p>
<p><em>root_dir</em> and <em>base_dir</em> both default to the current directory.</p>
<p><em>owner</em> and <em>group</em> are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
uses the current owner and group.</p>
<p><em>logger</em> must be an object compatible with <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0282"><strong>PEP 282</strong></a>, usually an instance of
<a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logging.Logger" title="logging.Logger"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.Logger</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.get_archive_formats">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">get_archive_formats</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.get_archive_formats" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of supported formats for archiving.
Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(name,</span> <span class="pre">description)</span></tt></p>
<p>By default <a class="reference internal" href="#module-shutil" title="shutil: High-level file operations, including copying."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt></a> provides these formats:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><em>gztar</em>: gzip’ed tar-file</li>
<li><em>bztar</em>: bzip2’ed tar-file (if the <a class="reference internal" href="bz2.html#module-bz2" title="bz2: Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bz2</span></tt></a> module is available.)</li>
<li><em>tar</em>: uncompressed tar file</li>
<li><em>zip</em>: ZIP file</li>
</ul>
<p>You can register new formats or provide your own archiver for any existing
formats, by using <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.register_archive_format" title="shutil.register_archive_format"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">register_archive_format()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.register_archive_format">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">register_archive_format</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em>, <em>function</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>extra_args</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>description</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.register_archive_format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Register an archiver for the format <em>name</em>. <em>function</em> is a callable that
will be used to invoke the archiver.</p>
<p>If given, <em>extra_args</em> is a sequence of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(name,</span> <span class="pre">value)</span></tt> pairs that will be
used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used.</p>
<p><em>description</em> is used by <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.get_archive_formats" title="shutil.get_archive_formats"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_archive_formats()</span></tt></a> which returns the
list of archivers. Defaults to an empty list.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.unregister_archive_format">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">unregister_archive_format</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.unregister_archive_format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove the archive format <em>name</em> from the list of supported formats.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.unpack_archive">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">unpack_archive</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>extract_dir</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>format</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.unpack_archive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unpack an archive. <em>filename</em> is the full path of the archive.</p>
<p><em>extract_dir</em> is the name of the target directory where the archive is
unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used.</p>
<p><em>format</em> is the archive format: one of “zip”, “tar”, or “gztar”. Or any
other format registered with <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.register_unpack_format" title="shutil.register_unpack_format"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">register_unpack_format()</span></tt></a>. If not
provided, <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.unpack_archive" title="shutil.unpack_archive"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">unpack_archive()</span></tt></a> will use the archive file name extension
and see if an unpacker was registered for that extension. In case none is
found, a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> is raised.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.register_unpack_format">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">register_unpack_format</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em>, <em>extensions</em>, <em>function</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>extra_args</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>description</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.register_unpack_format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Registers an unpack format. <em>name</em> is the name of the format and
<em>extensions</em> is a list of extensions corresponding to the format, like
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.zip</span></tt> for Zip files.</p>
<p><em>function</em> is the callable that will be used to unpack archives. The
callable will receive the path of the archive, followed by the directory
the archive must be extracted to.</p>
<p>When provided, <em>extra_args</em> is a sequence of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(name,</span> <span class="pre">value)</span></tt> tuples that
will be passed as keywords arguments to the callable.</p>
<p><em>description</em> can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned
by the <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.get_unpack_formats" title="shutil.get_unpack_formats"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_unpack_formats()</span></tt></a> function.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.unregister_unpack_format">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">unregister_unpack_format</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.unregister_unpack_format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unregister an unpack format. <em>name</em> is the name of the format.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.get_unpack_formats">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">get_unpack_formats</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.get_unpack_formats" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a list of all registered formats for unpacking.
Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(name,</span> <span class="pre">extensions,</span> <span class="pre">description)</span></tt>.</p>
<p>By default <a class="reference internal" href="#module-shutil" title="shutil: High-level file operations, including copying."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt></a> provides these formats:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><em>gztar</em>: gzip’ed tar-file</li>
<li><em>bztar</em>: bzip2’ed tar-file (if the <a class="reference internal" href="bz2.html#module-bz2" title="bz2: Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bz2</span></tt></a> module is available.)</li>
<li><em>tar</em>: uncompressed tar file</li>
<li><em>zip</em>: ZIP file</li>
</ul>
<p>You can register new formats or provide your own unpacker for any existing
formats, by using <a class="reference internal" href="#shutil.register_unpack_format" title="shutil.register_unpack_format"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">register_unpack_format()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="archiving-example">
<span id="shutil-archiving-example"></span><h3>11.9.2.1. Archiving example<a class="headerlink" href="#archiving-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>In this example, we create a gzip’ed tar-file archive containing all files
found in the <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">.ssh</span></tt> directory of the user:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">shutil</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">make_archive</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">archive_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'~'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'myarchive'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">root_dir</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'~'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'.ssh'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">make_archive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">archive_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'gztar'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">root_dir</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">'/Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The resulting archive contains:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><pre>$ tar -tzvf /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz
drwx------ tarek/staff 0 2010-02-01 16:23:40 ./
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./authorized_keys
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 65 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./config
-rwx------ tarek/staff 668 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa.pub
-rw------- tarek/staff 1675 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 397 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa.pub
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 37192 2010-02-06 18:23:10 ./known_hosts</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="querying-the-size-of-the-output-terminal">
<h2>11.9.3. Querying the size of the output terminal<a class="headerlink" href="#querying-the-size-of-the-output-terminal" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span> </p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="shutil.get_terminal_size">
<tt class="descclassname">shutil.</tt><tt class="descname">get_terminal_size</tt><big>(</big><em>fallback=(columns</em>, <em>lines)</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#shutil.get_terminal_size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Get the size of the terminal window.</p>
<p>For each of the two dimensions, the environment variable, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">COLUMNS</span></tt>
and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LINES</span></tt> respectively, is checked. If the variable is defined and
the value is a positive integer, it is used.</p>
<p>When <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">COLUMNS</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LINES</span></tt> is not defined, which is the common case,
the terminal connected to <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.__stdout__" title="sys.__stdout__"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.__stdout__</span></tt></a> is queried
by invoking <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.get_terminal_size" title="os.get_terminal_size"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.get_terminal_size()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>If the terminal size cannot be successfully queried, either because
the system doesn’t support querying, or because we are not
connected to a terminal, the value given in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fallback</span></tt> parameter
is used. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fallback</span></tt> defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(80,</span> <span class="pre">24)</span></tt> which is the default
size used by many terminal emulators.</p>
<p>The value returned is a named tuple of type <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.terminal_size" title="os.terminal_size"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.terminal_size</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>See also: The Single UNIX Specification, Version 2,
<a class="reference external" href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/7908799/xbd/envvar.html#tag_002_003">Other Environment Variables</a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">11.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt> — High-level file operations</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#directory-and-files-operations">11.9.1. Directory and files operations</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#copytree-example">11.9.1.1. copytree example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#archiving-operations">11.9.2. Archiving operations</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#archiving-example">11.9.2.1. Archiving example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#querying-the-size-of-the-output-terminal">11.9.3. Querying the size of the output terminal</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
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