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<div class="section" id="module-email.generator">
<span id="email-generator-generating-mime-documents"></span><h1>19.1.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></tt></a>: Generating MIME documents<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email.generator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>One of the most common tasks is to generate the flat text of the email message
represented by a message object structure. You will need to do this if you want
to send your message via the <a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></tt></a> module or the <a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></tt></a> module,
or print the message on the console. Taking a message object structure and
producing a flat text document is the job of the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a> class.</p>
<p>Again, as with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></tt></a> module, you aren’t limited to the
functionality of the bundled generator; you could write one from scratch
yourself. However the bundled generator knows how to generate most email in a
standards-compliant way, should handle MIME and non-MIME email messages just
fine, and is designed so that the transformation from flat text, to a message
structure via the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#email.parser.Parser" title="email.parser.Parser"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Parser</span></tt></a> class, and back to flat text,
is idempotent (the input is identical to the output) <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id3" id="id1">[1]</a>. On the other hand,
using the Generator on a <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> constructed by program
may result in changes to the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> object as defaults
are filled in.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bytes" title="bytes"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt></a> output can be generated using the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></tt></a> class.
If the message object structure contains non-ASCII bytes, this generator’s
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator.flatten" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator.flatten"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">flatten()</span></tt></a> method will emit the original bytes. Parsing a
binary message and then flattening it with <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></tt></a> should be
idempotent for standards compliant messages.</p>
<p>Here are the public methods of the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a> class, imported from the
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></tt></a> module:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="email.generator.Generator">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">email.generator.</tt><tt class="descname">Generator</tt><big>(</big><em>outfp</em>, <em>mangle_from_=True</em>, <em>maxheaderlen=78</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>policy=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The constructor for the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a> class takes a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-like-object"><em class="xref std std-term">file-like object</em></a>
called <em>outfp</em> for an argument. <em>outfp</em> must support the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator.write" title="email.generator.Generator.write"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt></a> method
and be usable as the output file for the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">print()</span></tt></a> function.</p>
<p>Optional <em>mangle_from_</em> is a flag that, when <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, puts a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">></span></tt> character in
front of any line in the body that starts exactly as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">From</span></tt>, i.e. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">From</span></tt>
followed by a space at the beginning of the line. This is the only guaranteed
portable way to avoid having such lines be mistaken for a Unix mailbox format
envelope header separator (see <a class="reference external" href="http://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html">WHY THE CONTENT-LENGTH FORMAT IS BAD</a> for details). <em>mangle_from_</em>
defaults to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, but you might want to set this to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> if you are not
writing Unix mailbox format files.</p>
<p>Optional <em>maxheaderlen</em> specifies the longest length for a non-continued header.
When a header line is longer than <em>maxheaderlen</em> (in characters, with tabs
expanded to 8 spaces), the header will be split as defined in the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.header.html#email.header.Header" title="email.header.Header"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Header</span></tt></a> class. Set to zero to disable header wrapping.
The default is 78, as recommended (but not required) by <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a>.</p>
<p>The <em>policy</em> keyword specifies a <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">policy</span></tt></a> object that controls a
number of aspects of the generator’s operation. If no <em>policy</em> is specified,
then the <em>policy</em> attached to the message object passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator.flatten" title="email.generator.Generator.flatten"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">flatten</span></tt></a>
is used.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> Added the <em>policy</em> keyword.</p>
<p>The other public <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a> methods are:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.generator.Generator.flatten">
<tt class="descname">flatten</tt><big>(</big><em>msg</em>, <em>unixfrom=False</em>, <em>linesep=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator.flatten" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print the textual representation of the message object structure rooted at
<em>msg</em> to the output file specified when the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a> instance
was created. Subparts are visited depth-first and the resulting text will
be properly MIME encoded.</p>
<p>Optional <em>unixfrom</em> is a flag that forces the printing of the envelope
header delimiter before the first <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a> header of the root message
object. If the root object has no envelope header, a standard one is
crafted. By default, this is set to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> to inhibit the printing of
the envelope delimiter.</p>
<p>Note that for subparts, no envelope header is ever printed.</p>
<p>Optional <em>linesep</em> specifies the line separator character used to
terminate lines in the output. If specified it overrides the value
specified by the <em>msg</em>‘s or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt>‘s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">policy</span></tt>.</p>
<p>Because strings cannot represent non-ASCII bytes, if the policy that
applies when <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">flatten</span></tt> is run has <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.Policy.cte_type" title="email.policy.Policy.cte_type"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">cte_type</span></tt></a>
set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">8bit</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt> will operate as if it were set to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">7bit</span></tt>. This means that messages parsed with a Bytes parser that have
a <em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding</em> of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">8bit</span></tt> will be converted
to a use a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">7bit</span></tt> Content-Transfer-Encoding. Non-ASCII bytes in the
headers will be <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2047.html"><strong>RFC 2047</strong></a> encoded with a charset of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unknown-8bit</span></tt>.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.2:</span> Added support for re-encoding <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">8bit</span></tt> message bodies, and the
<em>linesep</em> argument.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.generator.Generator.clone">
<tt class="descname">clone</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator.clone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return an independent clone of this <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a> instance with the
exact same options.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.generator.Generator.write">
<tt class="descname">write</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.Generator.write" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Write the string <em>s</em> to the underlying file object, i.e. <em>outfp</em> passed to
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a>‘s constructor. This provides just enough file-like API
for <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a> instances to be used in the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">print()</span></tt></a> function.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<p>As a convenience, see the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt></a> methods
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message.as_string" title="email.message.Message.as_string"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">as_string()</span></tt></a> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str(aMessage)</span></tt>, a.k.a.
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message.__str__" title="email.message.Message.__str__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__str__()</span></tt></a>, which simplify the generation of a
formatted string representation of a message object. For more detail, see
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message</span></tt></a>.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="email.generator.BytesGenerator">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">email.generator.</tt><tt class="descname">BytesGenerator</tt><big>(</big><em>outfp</em>, <em>mangle_from_=True</em>, <em>maxheaderlen=78</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>policy=policy.default</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The constructor for the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></tt></a> class takes a binary
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-like-object"><em class="xref std std-term">file-like object</em></a> called <em>outfp</em> for an argument. <em>outfp</em> must
support a <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator.write" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator.write"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt></a> method that accepts binary data.</p>
<p>Optional <em>mangle_from_</em> is a flag that, when <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, puts a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">></span></tt>
character in front of any line in the body that starts exactly as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">From</span></tt>,
i.e. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">From</span></tt> followed by a space at the beginning of the line. This is the
only guaranteed portable way to avoid having such lines be mistaken for a
Unix mailbox format envelope header separator (see <a class="reference external" href="http://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html">WHY THE CONTENT-LENGTH
FORMAT IS BAD</a> for details).
<em>mangle_from_</em> defaults to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>, but you might want to set this to
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> if you are not writing Unix mailbox format files.</p>
<p>Optional <em>maxheaderlen</em> specifies the longest length for a non-continued
header. When a header line is longer than <em>maxheaderlen</em> (in characters,
with tabs expanded to 8 spaces), the header will be split as defined in the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.header.html#email.header.Header" title="email.header.Header"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Header</span></tt></a> class. Set to zero to disable header
wrapping. The default is 78, as recommended (but not required) by
<span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a>.</p>
<p>The <em>policy</em> keyword specifies a <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">policy</span></tt></a> object that controls a
number of aspects of the generator’s operation. The default policy
maintains backward compatibility.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.3:</span> Added the <em>policy</em> keyword.</p>
<p>The other public <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></tt></a> methods are:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.generator.BytesGenerator.flatten">
<tt class="descname">flatten</tt><big>(</big><em>msg</em>, <em>unixfrom=False</em>, <em>linesep=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator.flatten" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print the textual representation of the message object structure rooted
at <em>msg</em> to the output file specified when the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></tt></a>
instance was created. Subparts are visited depth-first and the resulting
text will be properly MIME encoded. If the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">policy</span></tt></a> option
<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.Policy.cte_type" title="email.policy.Policy.cte_type"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">cte_type</span></tt></a> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">8bit</span></tt> (the default),
then any bytes with the high bit set in the original parsed message that
have not been modified will be copied faithfully to the output. If
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cte_type</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">7bit</span></tt>, the bytes will be converted as needed
using an ASCII-compatible Content-Transfer-Encoding. In particular,
RFC-invalid non-ASCII bytes in headers will be encoded using the MIME
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unknown-8bit</span></tt> character set, thus rendering them RFC-compliant.</p>
<p>Messages parsed with a Bytes parser that have a
<em class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding</em> of 8bit will be reconstructed
as 8bit if they have not been modified.</p>
<p>Optional <em>unixfrom</em> is a flag that forces the printing of the envelope
header delimiter before the first <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a> header of the root message
object. If the root object has no envelope header, a standard one is
crafted. By default, this is set to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt> to inhibit the printing of
the envelope delimiter.</p>
<p>Note that for subparts, no envelope header is ever printed.</p>
<p>Optional <em>linesep</em> specifies the line separator character used to
terminate lines in the output. If specified it overrides the value
specified by the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt>‘s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">policy</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.generator.BytesGenerator.clone">
<tt class="descname">clone</tt><big>(</big><em>fp</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator.clone" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return an independent clone of this <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></tt></a> instance with
the exact same options.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="email.generator.BytesGenerator.write">
<tt class="descname">write</tt><big>(</big><em>s</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator.write" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Write the string <em>s</em> to the underlying file object. <em>s</em> is encoded using
the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ASCII</span></tt> codec and written to the <em>write</em> method of the <em>outfp</em>
<em>outfp</em> passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></tt></a>‘s constructor. This
provides just enough file-like API for <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.BytesGenerator" title="email.generator.BytesGenerator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BytesGenerator</span></tt></a> instances
to be used in the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print" title="print"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">print()</span></tt></a> function.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span> </p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></tt></a> module also provides a derived class, called
<a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.DecodedGenerator" title="email.generator.DecodedGenerator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DecodedGenerator</span></tt></a> which is like the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a> base class,
except that non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> parts are substituted with a format string
representing the part.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="email.generator.DecodedGenerator">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">email.generator.</tt><tt class="descname">DecodedGenerator</tt><big>(</big><em>outfp</em>, <em>mangle_from_=True</em>, <em>maxheaderlen=78</em>, <em>fmt=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#email.generator.DecodedGenerator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class, derived from <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a> walks through all the subparts of a
message. If the subpart is of main type <em class="mimetype">text</em>, then it prints the
decoded payload of the subpart. Optional <em>_mangle_from_</em> and <em>maxheaderlen</em> are
as with the <a class="reference internal" href="#email.generator.Generator" title="email.generator.Generator"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Generator</span></tt></a> base class.</p>
<p>If the subpart is not of main type <em class="mimetype">text</em>, optional <em>fmt</em> is a format
string that is used instead of the message payload. <em>fmt</em> is expanded with the
following keywords, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%(keyword)s</span></tt> format:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> – Full MIME type of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">maintype</span></tt> – Main MIME type of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">subtype</span></tt> – Sub-MIME type of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filename</span></tt> – Filename of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">description</span></tt> – Description associated with the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encoding</span></tt> – Content transfer encoding of the non-<em class="mimetype">text</em> part</li>
</ul>
<p>The default value for <em>fmt</em> is <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, meaning</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Non</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">part</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">message</span> <span class="n">omitted</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id3" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td>This statement assumes that you use the appropriate setting for the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unixfrom</span></tt> argument, and that you set maxheaderlen=0 (which will
preserve whatever the input line lengths were). It is also not strictly
true, since in many cases runs of whitespace in headers are collapsed
into single blanks. The latter is a bug that will eventually be fixed.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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