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<h1>Python Documentation contents<a class="headerlink" href="#python-documentation-contents" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/index.html">What’s New in Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html">What’s New In Python 3.3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-405-virtual-environments">PEP 405: Virtual Environments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-420-namespace-packages">PEP 420: Namespace Packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3118-new-memoryview-implementation-and-buffer-protocol-documentation">PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#features">Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#api-changes">API changes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-393-flexible-string-representation">PEP 393: Flexible String Representation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#functionality">Functionality</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#performance-and-resource-usage">Performance and resource usage</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3151-reworking-the-os-and-io-exception-hierarchy">PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-380-syntax-for-delegating-to-a-subgenerator">PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-409-suppressing-exception-context">PEP 409: Suppressing exception context</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-414-explicit-unicode-literals">PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3155-qualified-name-for-classes-and-functions">PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-412-key-sharing-dictionary">PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-362-function-signature-object">PEP 362: Function Signature Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#using-importlib-as-the-implementation-of-import">Using importlib as the Implementation of Import</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#new-apis">New APIs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#visible-changes">Visible Changes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#a-finer-grained-import-lock">A Finer-Grained Import Lock</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#abc">abc</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#shutil">shutil</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#signal">signal</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#ssl">ssl</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#xml-etree-elementtree">xml.etree.ElementTree</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-features">Deprecated features</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-to-python-3-3">Porting to Python 3.3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-python-code">Porting Python code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-c-code">Porting C code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#building-c-extensions">Building C extensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.3.html#other-issues">Other issues</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html">What’s New In Python 3.2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-384-defining-a-stable-abi">PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-389-argparse-command-line-parsing-module">PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3148-the-concurrent-futures-module">PEP 3148: The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></tt> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3147-pyc-repository-directories">PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3149-abi-version-tagged-so-files">PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3333-python-web-server-gateway-interface-v1-0-1">PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#email">email</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#elementtree">elementtree</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#functools">functools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#itertools">itertools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#collections">collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#threading">threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#datetime-and-time">datetime and time</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#abc">abc</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#io">io</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#reprlib">reprlib</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#popen">popen</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#gzip-and-zipfile">gzip and zipfile</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.2.html#porting-to-python-3-2">Porting to Python 3.2</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html">What’s New In Python 3.1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-372-ordered-dictionaries">PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#idle">IDLE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.1.html#porting-to-python-3-1">Porting to Python 3.1</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html">What’s New In Python 3.0</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#common-stumbling-blocks">Common Stumbling Blocks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#print-is-a-function">Print Is A Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#views-and-iterators-instead-of-lists">Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#ordering-comparisons">Ordering Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#integers">Integers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#text-vs-data-instead-of-unicode-vs-8-bit">Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#overview-of-syntax-changes">Overview Of Syntax Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#new-syntax">New Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changed-syntax">Changed Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#removed-syntax">Removed Syntax</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-already-present-in-python-2-6">Changes Already Present In Python 2.6</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#library-changes">Library Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#pep-3101-a-new-approach-to-string-formatting"><strong>PEP 3101</strong>: A New Approach To String Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-to-exceptions">Changes To Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#miscellaneous-other-changes">Miscellaneous Other Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#operators-and-special-methods">Operators And Special Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#builtins">Builtins</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#performance">Performance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/3.0.html#porting-to-python-3-0">Porting To Python 3.0</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html">What’s New in Python 2.7</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#the-future-for-python-2-x">The Future for Python 2.x</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#python-3-1-features">Python 3.1 Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-372-adding-an-ordered-dictionary-to-collections">PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-389-the-argparse-module-for-parsing-command-lines">PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3106-dictionary-views">PEP 3106: Dictionary Views</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3137-the-memoryview-object">PEP 3137: The memoryview Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-importlib">New module: importlib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-sysconfig">New module: sysconfig</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#ttk-themed-widgets-for-tk">ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-unittest">Updated module: unittest</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-elementtree-1-3">Updated module: ElementTree 1.3</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#capsules">Capsules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-freebsd">Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#porting-to-python-2-7">Porting to Python 2.7</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.7.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html">What’s New in Python 2.6</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#python-3-0">Python 3.0</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#changes-to-the-development-process">Changes to the Development Process</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-issue-tracker-roundup">New Issue Tracker: Roundup</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-documentation-format-restructuredtext-using-sphinx">New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-366-explicit-relative-imports-from-a-main-module">PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-370-per-user-site-packages-directory">PEP 370: Per-user <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site-packages</span></tt> Directory</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-371-the-multiprocessing-package">PEP 371: The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></tt> Package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3101-advanced-string-formatting">PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3105-print-as-a-function">PEP 3105: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print</span></tt> As a Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3110-exception-handling-changes">PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3112-byte-literals">PEP 3112: Byte Literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3116-new-i-o-library">PEP 3116: New I/O Library</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol">PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3119-abstract-base-classes">PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3127-integer-literal-support-and-syntax">PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3129-class-decorators">PEP 3129: Class Decorators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3141-a-type-hierarchy-for-numbers">PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-fractions-module">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fractions</span></tt> Module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-ast-module">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ast</span></tt> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-future-builtins-module">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">future_builtins</span></tt> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-json-module-javascript-object-notation">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></tt> module: JavaScript Object Notation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#the-plistlib-module-a-property-list-parser">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></tt> module: A Property-List Parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#ctypes-enhancements">ctypes Enhancements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#improved-ssl-support">Improved SSL Support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#deprecations-and-removals">Deprecations and Removals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-irix">Port-Specific Changes: IRIX</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#porting-to-python-2-6">Porting to Python 2.6</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.6.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html">What’s New in Python 2.5</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-308-conditional-expressions">PEP 308: Conditional Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-309-partial-function-application">PEP 309: Partial Function Application</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-314-metadata-for-python-software-packages-v1-1">PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-328-absolute-and-relative-imports">PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-338-executing-modules-as-scripts">PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-341-unified-try-except-finally">PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-342-new-generator-features">PEP 342: New Generator Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-352-exceptions-as-new-style-classes">PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-353-using-ssize-t-as-the-index-type">PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-357-the-index-method">PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#interactive-interpreter-changes">Interactive Interpreter Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#new-improved-and-removed-modules">New, Improved, and Removed Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-ctypes-package">The ctypes package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-elementtree-package">The ElementTree package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-hashlib-package">The hashlib package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-sqlite3-package">The sqlite3 package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#the-wsgiref-package">The wsgiref package</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#porting-to-python-2-5">Porting to Python 2.5</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.5.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html">What’s New in Python 2.4</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-218-built-in-set-objects">PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-289-generator-expressions">PEP 289: Generator Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-292-simpler-string-substitutions">PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-318-decorators-for-functions-and-methods">PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-322-reverse-iteration">PEP 322: Reverse Iteration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-324-new-subprocess-module">PEP 324: New subprocess Module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-327-decimal-data-type">PEP 327: Decimal Data Type</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#why-is-decimal-needed">Why is Decimal needed?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#the-decimal-type">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Decimal</span></tt> type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#the-context-type">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Context</span></tt> type</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-328-multi-line-imports">PEP 328: Multi-line Imports</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-331-locale-independent-float-string-conversions">PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#cookielib">cookielib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#porting-to-python-2-4">Porting to Python 2.4</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.4.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html">What’s New in Python 2.3</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-218-a-standard-set-datatype">PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-263-source-code-encodings">PEP 263: Source Code Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-273-importing-modules-from-zip-archives">PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-277-unicode-file-name-support-for-windows-nt">PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-278-universal-newline-support">PEP 278: Universal Newline Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-279-enumerate">PEP 279: enumerate()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-282-the-logging-package">PEP 282: The logging Package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-285-a-boolean-type">PEP 285: A Boolean Type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-293-codec-error-handling-callbacks">PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-301-package-index-and-metadata-for-distutils">PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-302-new-import-hooks">PEP 302: New Import Hooks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-305-comma-separated-files">PEP 305: Comma-separated Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-307-pickle-enhancements">PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#extended-slices">Extended Slices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#string-changes">String Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#date-time-type">Date/Time Type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#the-optparse-module">The optparse Module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#pymalloc-a-specialized-object-allocator">Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#porting-to-python-2-3">Porting to Python 2.3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.3.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html">What’s New in Python 2.2</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#peps-252-and-253-type-and-class-changes">PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#old-and-new-classes">Old and New Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#descriptors">Descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#multiple-inheritance-the-diamond-rule">Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#attribute-access">Attribute Access</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#related-links">Related Links</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-234-iterators">PEP 234: Iterators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-238-changing-the-division-operator">PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#unicode-changes">Unicode Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#interpreter-changes-and-fixes">Interpreter Changes and Fixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.2.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html">What’s New in Python 2.1</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-236-future-directives">PEP 236: __future__ Directives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-207-rich-comparisons">PEP 207: Rich Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-230-warning-framework">PEP 230: Warning Framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-229-new-build-system">PEP 229: New Build System</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-205-weak-references">PEP 205: Weak References</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-232-function-attributes">PEP 232: Function Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-235-importing-modules-on-case-insensitive-platforms">PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-217-interactive-display-hook">PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-208-new-coercion-model">PEP 208: New Coercion Model</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-241-metadata-in-python-packages">PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.1.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html">What’s New in Python 2.0</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#what-about-python-1-6">What About Python 1.6?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#new-development-process">New Development Process</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#list-comprehensions">List Comprehensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#augmented-assignment">Augmented Assignment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#string-methods">String Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#garbage-collection-of-cycles">Garbage Collection of Cycles</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#other-core-changes">Other Core Changes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#minor-language-changes">Minor Language Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#changes-to-built-in-functions">Changes to Built-in Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#porting-to-2-0">Porting to 2.0</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#extending-embedding-changes">Extending/Embedding Changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#distutils-making-modules-easy-to-install">Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#xml-modules">XML Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#sax2-support">SAX2 Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#dom-support">DOM Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#relationship-to-pyxml">Relationship to PyXML</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#module-changes">Module changes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#new-modules">New modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#idle-improvements">IDLE Improvements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#deleted-and-deprecated-modules">Deleted and Deprecated Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="whatsnew/2.0.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index.html">The Python Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appetite.html">1. Whetting Your Appetite</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. Invoking the Interpreter</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#argument-passing">2.1.1. Argument Passing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#interactive-mode">2.1.2. Interactive Mode</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#error-handling">2.2.1. Error Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#executable-python-scripts">2.2.2. Executable Python Scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#source-code-encoding">2.2.3. Source Code Encoding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#the-interactive-startup-file">2.2.4. The Interactive Startup File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter.html#the-customization-modules">2.2.5. The Customization Modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html">3. An Informal Introduction to Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">3.1. Using Python as a Calculator</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#numbers">3.1.1. Numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#strings">3.1.2. Strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#about-unicode">3.1.3. About Unicode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#lists">3.1.4. Lists</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming">3.2. First Steps Towards Programming</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html">4. More Control Flow Tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#if-statements">4.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span></tt> Statements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#for-statements">4.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for</span></tt> Statements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#the-range-function">4.3. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">range()</span></tt> Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops">4.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">break</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">continue</span></tt> Statements, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">else</span></tt> Clauses on Loops</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#pass-statements">4.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pass</span></tt> Statements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions">4.6. Defining Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions">4.7. More on Defining Functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#default-argument-values">4.7.1. Default Argument Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#keyword-arguments">4.7.2. Keyword Arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#arbitrary-argument-lists">4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#unpacking-argument-lists">4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#lambda-forms">4.7.5. Lambda Forms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#documentation-strings">4.7.6. Documentation Strings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow.html#intermezzo-coding-style">4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html">5. Data Structures</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-lists">5.1. More on Lists</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#list-comprehensions">5.1.3. List Comprehensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#the-del-statement">5.2. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. Tuples and Sequences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#sets">5.4. Sets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#dictionaries">5.5. Dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#looping-techniques">5.6. Looping Techniques</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-conditions">5.7. More on Conditions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html">6. Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#more-on-modules">6.1. More on Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. The Module Search Path</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#standard-modules">6.2. Standard Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#the-dir-function">6.3. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dir()</span></tt> Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#packages">6.4. Packages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. Importing * From a Package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#intra-package-references">6.4.2. Intra-package References</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html">7. Input and Output</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. Fancier Output Formatting</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#old-string-formatting">7.1.1. Old string formatting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files">7.2. Reading and Writing Files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#methods-of-file-objects">7.2.1. Methods of File Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput.html#the-pickle-module">7.2.2. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></tt> Module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html">8. Errors and Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#syntax-errors">8.1. Syntax Errors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#exceptions">8.2. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#handling-exceptions">8.3. Handling Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#raising-exceptions">8.4. Raising Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#user-defined-exceptions">8.5. User-defined Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#defining-clean-up-actions">8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors.html#predefined-clean-up-actions">8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html">9. Classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#a-word-about-names-and-objects">9.1. A Word About Names and Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces">9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#scopes-and-namespaces-example">9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes">9.3. A First Look at Classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-definition-syntax">9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#class-objects">9.3.2. Class Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#instance-objects">9.3.3. Instance Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#method-objects">9.3.4. Method Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#random-remarks">9.4. Random Remarks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#inheritance">9.5. Inheritance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#multiple-inheritance">9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#private-variables">9.6. Private Variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#odds-and-ends">9.7. Odds and Ends</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#exceptions-are-classes-too">9.8. Exceptions Are Classes Too</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#iterators">9.9. Iterators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#generators">9.10. Generators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes.html#generator-expressions">9.11. Generator Expressions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html">10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#operating-system-interface">10.1. Operating System Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#file-wildcards">10.2. File Wildcards</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#command-line-arguments">10.3. Command Line Arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination">10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#string-pattern-matching">10.5. String Pattern Matching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#mathematics">10.6. Mathematics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#internet-access">10.7. Internet Access</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#dates-and-times">10.8. Dates and Times</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#data-compression">10.9. Data Compression</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#performance-measurement">10.10. Performance Measurement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#quality-control">10.11. Quality Control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib.html#batteries-included">10.12. Batteries Included</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html">11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library – Part II</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#output-formatting">11.1. Output Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#templating">11.2. Templating</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#working-with-binary-data-record-layouts">11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#multi-threading">11.4. Multi-threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#logging">11.5. Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#weak-references">11.6. Weak References</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#tools-for-working-with-lists">11.7. Tools for Working with Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2.html#decimal-floating-point-arithmetic">11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/whatnow.html">12. What Now?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html">13. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#line-editing">13.1. Line Editing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#history-substitution">13.2. History Substitution</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#key-bindings">13.3. Key Bindings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive.html#alternatives-to-the-interactive-interpreter">13.4. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint.html">14. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint.html#representation-error">14.1. Representation Error</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="using/index.html">Python Setup and Usage</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html">1. Command line and environment</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#command-line">1.1. Command line</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#interface-options">1.1.1. Interface options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#generic-options">1.1.2. Generic options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#miscellaneous-options">1.1.3. Miscellaneous options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#options-you-shouldn-t-use">1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#environment-variables">1.2. Environment variables</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline.html#debug-mode-variables">1.2.1. Debug-mode variables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html">2. Using Python on Unix platforms</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-linux">2.1.1. On Linux</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-freebsd-and-openbsd">2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#on-opensolaris">2.1.3. On OpenSolaris</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#building-python">2.2. Building Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#python-related-paths-and-files">2.3. Python-related paths and files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#miscellaneous">2.4. Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix.html#editors">2.5. Editors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html">3. Using Python on Windows</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#installing-python">3.1. Installing Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#alternative-bundles">3.2. Alternative bundles</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#configuring-python">3.3. Configuring Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#excursus-setting-environment-variables">3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#finding-the-python-executable">3.3.2. Finding the Python executable</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#finding-modules">3.3.3. Finding modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#executing-scripts">3.3.4. Executing scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#executing-scripts-without-the-python-launcher">3.3.5. Executing scripts without the Python launcher</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#python-launcher-for-windows">3.4. Python Launcher for Windows</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#getting-started">3.4.1. Getting started</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-the-command-line">3.4.1.1. From the command-line</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-a-script">3.4.1.2. From a script</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#from-file-associations">3.4.1.3. From file associations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#shebang-lines">3.4.2. Shebang Lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#arguments-in-shebang-lines">3.4.3. Arguments in shebang lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customization">3.4.4. Customization</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customization-via-ini-files">3.4.4.1. Customization via INI files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#customizing-default-python-versions">3.4.4.2. Customizing default Python versions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#diagnostics">3.4.5. Diagnostics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#additional-modules">3.5. Additional modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#pywin32">3.5.1. PyWin32</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#py2exe">3.5.2. Py2exe</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#wconio">3.5.3. WConio</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#compiling-python-on-windows">3.6. Compiling Python on Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows.html#other-resources">3.7. Other resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html">4. Using Python on a Macintosh</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#getting-and-installing-macpython">4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#how-to-run-a-python-script">4.1.1. How to run a Python script</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#running-scripts-with-a-gui">4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#configuration">4.1.3. Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#the-ide">4.2. The IDE</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#installing-additional-python-packages">4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#gui-programming-on-the-mac">4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#distributing-python-applications-on-the-mac">4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#application-scripting">4.6. Application Scripting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac.html#other-resources">4.7. Other Resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/scripts.html">5. Additional Tools and Scripts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/scripts.html#pyvenv-creating-virtual-environments">5.1. pyvenv - Creating virtual environments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/index.html">The Python Language Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html">1. Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html#alternate-implementations">1.1. Alternate Implementations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction.html#notation">1.2. Notation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html">2. Lexical analysis</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#line-structure">2.1. Line structure</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#logical-lines">2.1.1. Logical lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#physical-lines">2.1.2. Physical lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#comments">2.1.3. Comments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#encoding-declarations">2.1.4. Encoding declarations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#explicit-line-joining">2.1.5. Explicit line joining</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#implicit-line-joining">2.1.6. Implicit line joining</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#blank-lines">2.1.7. Blank lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#indentation">2.1.8. Indentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#whitespace-between-tokens">2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#other-tokens">2.2. Other tokens</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#identifiers">2.3. Identifiers and keywords</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords">2.3.1. Keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#reserved-classes-of-identifiers">2.3.2. Reserved classes of identifiers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#literals">2.4. Literals</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-and-bytes-literals">2.4.1. String and Bytes literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#string-literal-concatenation">2.4.2. String literal concatenation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#numeric-literals">2.4.3. Numeric literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#integer-literals">2.4.4. Integer literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#floating-point-literals">2.4.5. Floating point literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#imaginary-literals">2.4.6. Imaginary literals</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#operators">2.5. Operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis.html#delimiters">2.6. Delimiters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html">3. Data model</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#objects-values-and-types">3.1. Objects, values and types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#the-standard-type-hierarchy">3.2. The standard type hierarchy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-names">3.3. Special method names</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#basic-customization">3.3.1. Basic customization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-attribute-access">3.3.2. Customizing attribute access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#implementing-descriptors">3.3.2.1. Implementing Descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#invoking-descriptors">3.3.2.2. Invoking Descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#slots">3.3.2.3. __slots__</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#notes-on-using-slots">3.3.2.3.1. Notes on using <em>__slots__</em></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-class-creation">3.3.3. Customizing class creation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#determining-the-appropriate-metaclass">3.3.3.1. Determining the appropriate metaclass</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#preparing-the-class-namespace">3.3.3.2. Preparing the class namespace</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#executing-the-class-body">3.3.3.3. Executing the class body</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#creating-the-class-object">3.3.3.4. Creating the class object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#metaclass-example">3.3.3.5. Metaclass example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#customizing-instance-and-subclass-checks">3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-callable-objects">3.3.5. Emulating callable objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-container-types">3.3.6. Emulating container types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#emulating-numeric-types">3.3.7. Emulating numeric types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#with-statement-context-managers">3.3.8. With Statement Context Managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel.html#special-method-lookup">3.3.9. Special method lookup</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html">4. Execution model</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#naming-and-binding">4.1. Naming and binding</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#interaction-with-dynamic-features">4.1.1. Interaction with dynamic features</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel.html#exceptions">4.2. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html">5. The import system</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#importlib">5.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#packages">5.2. Packages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#regular-packages">5.2.1. Regular packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#namespace-packages">5.2.2. Namespace packages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#searching">5.3. Searching</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-module-cache">5.3.1. The module cache</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#finders-and-loaders">5.3.2. Finders and loaders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#import-hooks">5.3.3. Import hooks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-meta-path">5.3.4. The meta path</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#loaders">5.4. Loaders</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#module-reprs">5.4.1. Module reprs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#module-path">5.4.2. module.__path__</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#the-path-based-finder">5.5. The Path Based Finder</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#path-entry-finders">5.5.1. Path entry finders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#path-entry-finder-protocol">5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#replacing-the-standard-import-system">5.6. Replacing the standard import system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#open-issues">5.7. Open issues</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#references">5.8. References</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import.html#footnotes">5.9. Footnotes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html">6. Expressions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#arithmetic-conversions">6.1. Arithmetic conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#atoms">6.2. Atoms</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#atom-identifiers">6.2.1. Identifiers (Names)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#literals">6.2.2. Literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#parenthesized-forms">6.2.3. Parenthesized forms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#displays-for-lists-sets-and-dictionaries">6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#list-displays">6.2.5. List displays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#set-displays">6.2.6. Set displays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#dictionary-displays">6.2.7. Dictionary displays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#generator-expressions">6.2.8. Generator expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#yield-expressions">6.2.9. Yield expressions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#generator-iterator-methods">6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#primaries">6.3. Primaries</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#attribute-references">6.3.1. Attribute references</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#subscriptions">6.3.2. Subscriptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#slicings">6.3.3. Slicings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#calls">6.3.4. Calls</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#the-power-operator">6.4. The power operator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#unary-arithmetic-and-bitwise-operations">6.5. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#binary-arithmetic-operations">6.6. Binary arithmetic operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#shifting-operations">6.7. Shifting operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations">6.8. Binary bitwise operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#not-in">6.9. Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#boolean-operations">6.10. Boolean operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#conditional-expressions">6.11. Conditional expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#lambda">6.12. Lambdas</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#expression-lists">6.13. Expression lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#evaluation-order">6.14. Evaluation order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions.html#summary">6.15. Summary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html">7. Simple statements</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#expression-statements">7.1. Expression statements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#assignment-statements">7.2. Assignment statements</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#augmented-assignment-statements">7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-assert-statement">7.3. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">assert</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-pass-statement">7.4. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pass</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-del-statement">7.5. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-return-statement">7.6. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">return</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-yield-statement">7.7. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-raise-statement">7.8. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">raise</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-break-statement">7.9. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">break</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-continue-statement">7.10. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">continue</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-import-statement">7.11. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></tt> statement</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#future-statements">7.11.1. Future statements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-global-statement">7.12. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">global</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts.html#the-nonlocal-statement">7.13. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nonlocal</span></tt> statement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html">8. Compound statements</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-if-statement">8.1. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-while-statement">8.2. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">while</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-for-statement">8.3. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-try-statement">8.4. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">try</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#the-with-statement">8.5. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#function-definitions">8.6. Function definitions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts.html#class-definitions">8.7. Class definitions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html">9. Top-level components</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#complete-python-programs">9.1. Complete Python programs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#file-input">9.2. File input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#interactive-input">9.3. Interactive input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components.html#expression-input">9.4. Expression input</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/grammar.html">10. Full Grammar specification</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="library/index.html">The Python Standard Library</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/intro.html">1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functions.html">2. Built-in Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants.html">3. Built-in Constants</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module">3.1. Constants added by the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site</span></tt> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html">4. Built-in Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing">4.1. Truth Value Testing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not">4.2. Boolean Operations — <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">and</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">or</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">not</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#comparisons">4.3. Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex">4.4. Numeric Types — <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">float</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">complex</span></tt></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bitwise-operations-on-integer-types">4.4.1. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-integer-types">4.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#additional-methods-on-float">4.4.3. Additional Methods on Float</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#hashing-of-numeric-types">4.4.4. Hashing of numeric types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types">4.5. Iterator Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#generator-types">4.5.1. Generator Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#sequence-types-list-tuple-range">4.6. Sequence Types — <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tuple</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">range</span></tt></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#common-sequence-operations">4.6.1. Common Sequence Operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#immutable-sequence-types">4.6.2. Immutable Sequence Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#mutable-sequence-types">4.6.3. Mutable Sequence Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#lists">4.6.4. Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#tuples">4.6.5. Tuples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#ranges">4.6.6. Ranges</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#text-sequence-type-str">4.7. Text Sequence Type — <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#string-methods">4.7.1. String Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting">4.7.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">printf</span></tt>-style String Formatting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview">4.8. Binary Sequence Types — <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytes</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoryview</span></tt></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytes">4.8.1. Bytes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytearray-objects">4.8.2. Bytearray Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#bytes-and-bytearray-operations">4.8.3. Bytes and Bytearray Operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#memory-views">4.8.4. Memory Views</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset">4.9. Set Types — <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict">4.10. Mapping Types — <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict</span></tt></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#dictionary-view-objects">4.10.1. Dictionary view objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">4.11. Context Manager Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types">4.12. Other Built-in Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#modules">4.12.1. Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#classes-and-class-instances">4.12.2. Classes and Class Instances</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#functions">4.12.3. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#methods">4.12.4. Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#code-objects">4.12.5. Code Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#type-objects">4.12.6. Type Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-null-object">4.12.7. The Null Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-ellipsis-object">4.12.8. The Ellipsis Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#the-notimplemented-object">4.12.9. The NotImplemented Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#boolean-values">4.12.10. Boolean Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#internal-objects">4.12.11. Internal Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes.html#special-attributes">4.13. Special Attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html">5. Built-in Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#base-classes">5.1. Base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions">5.2. Concrete exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#os-exceptions">5.2.1. OS exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#warnings">5.3. Warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy">5.4. Exception hierarchy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/text.html">6. Text Processing Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html">6.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">string</span></tt> — Common string operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#string-constants">6.1.1. String constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#string-formatting">6.1.2. String Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-string-syntax">6.1.3. Format String Syntax</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-specification-mini-language">6.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#format-examples">6.1.3.2. Format examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#template-strings">6.1.4. Template strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string.html#helper-functions">6.1.5. Helper functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html">6.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">re</span></tt> — Regular expression operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-syntax">6.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#module-contents">6.2.2. Module Contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-objects">6.2.3. Regular Expression Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#match-objects">6.2.4. Match Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#regular-expression-examples">6.2.5. Regular Expression Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#checking-for-a-pair">6.2.5.1. Checking for a Pair</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#simulating-scanf">6.2.5.2. Simulating scanf()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#search-vs-match">6.2.5.3. search() vs. match()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#making-a-phonebook">6.2.5.4. Making a Phonebook</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#text-munging">6.2.5.5. Text Munging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs">6.2.5.6. Finding all Adverbs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#finding-all-adverbs-and-their-positions">6.2.5.7. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#raw-string-notation">6.2.5.8. Raw String Notation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re.html#writing-a-tokenizer">6.2.5.9. Writing a Tokenizer</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html">6.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">difflib</span></tt> — Helpers for computing deltas</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-objects">6.3.1. SequenceMatcher Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#sequencematcher-examples">6.3.2. SequenceMatcher Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#differ-objects">6.3.3. Differ Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#differ-example">6.3.4. Differ Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib.html#a-command-line-interface-to-difflib">6.3.5. A command-line interface to difflib</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/textwrap.html">6.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></tt> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unicodedata.html">6.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></tt> — Unicode Database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stringprep.html">6.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stringprep</span></tt> — Internet String Preparation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html">6.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">readline</span></tt> — GNU readline interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline.html#example">6.7.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rlcompleter.html">6.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></tt> — Completion function for GNU readline</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rlcompleter.html#completer-objects">6.8.1. Completer Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binary.html">7. Binary Data Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html">7.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span></tt> — Interpret bytes as packed binary data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#functions-and-exceptions">7.1.1. Functions and Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#format-strings">7.1.2. Format Strings</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#byte-order-size-and-alignment">7.1.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#format-characters">7.1.2.2. Format Characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#examples">7.1.2.3. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct.html#classes">7.1.3. Classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html">7.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">codecs</span></tt> — Codec registry and base classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#codec-base-classes">7.2.1. Codec Base Classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#codec-objects">7.2.1.1. Codec Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incrementalencoder-objects">7.2.1.2. IncrementalEncoder Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#incrementaldecoder-objects">7.2.1.3. IncrementalDecoder Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamwriter-objects">7.2.1.4. StreamWriter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamreader-objects">7.2.1.5. StreamReader Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamreaderwriter-objects">7.2.1.6. StreamReaderWriter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#streamrecoder-objects">7.2.1.7. StreamRecoder Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#encodings-and-unicode">7.2.2. Encodings and Unicode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#standard-encodings">7.2.3. Standard Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.idna">7.2.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encodings.idna</span></tt> — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.mbcs">7.2.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encodings.mbcs</span></tt> — Windows ANSI codepage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.utf_8_sig">7.2.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">encodings.utf_8_sig</span></tt> — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datatypes.html">8. Data Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html">8.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt> — Basic date and time types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#available-types">8.1.1. Available Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#timedelta-objects">8.1.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timedelta</span></tt> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#date-objects">8.1.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">date</span></tt> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#datetime-objects">8.1.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></tt> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#time-objects">8.1.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></tt> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects">8.1.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tzinfo</span></tt> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#timezone-objects">8.1.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timezone</span></tt> Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior">8.1.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strftime()</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strptime()</span></tt> Behavior</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/calendar.html">8.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">calendar</span></tt> — General calendar-related functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html">8.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections</span></tt> — Container datatypes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#chainmap-objects">8.3.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ChainMap</span></tt> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#chainmap-examples-and-recipes">8.3.1.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ChainMap</span></tt> Examples and Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#counter-objects">8.3.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Counter</span></tt> objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#deque-objects">8.3.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">deque</span></tt> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#deque-recipes">8.3.3.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">deque</span></tt> Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#defaultdict-objects">8.3.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">defaultdict</span></tt> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#defaultdict-examples">8.3.4.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">defaultdict</span></tt> Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#namedtuple-factory-function-for-tuples-with-named-fields">8.3.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">namedtuple()</span></tt> Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#ordereddict-objects">8.3.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></tt> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#ordereddict-examples-and-recipes">8.3.6.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></tt> Examples and Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userdict-objects">8.3.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></tt> objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userlist-objects">8.3.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserList</span></tt> objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.html#userstring-objects">8.3.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UserString</span></tt> objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html">8.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">collections.abc</span></tt> — Abstract Base Classes for Containers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc.html#collections-abstract-base-classes">8.4.1. Collections Abstract Base Classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html">8.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heapq</span></tt> — Heap queue algorithm</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#basic-examples">8.5.1. Basic Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#priority-queue-implementation-notes">8.5.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq.html#theory">8.5.3. Theory</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html">8.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bisect</span></tt> — Array bisection algorithm</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#searching-sorted-lists">8.6.1. Searching Sorted Lists</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect.html#other-examples">8.6.2. Other Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/array.html">8.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">array</span></tt> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html">8.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">weakref</span></tt> — Weak references</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#weak-reference-objects">8.8.1. Weak Reference Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref.html#example">8.8.2. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html">8.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">types</span></tt> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#dynamic-type-creation">8.9.1. Dynamic Type Creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types.html#standard-interpreter-types">8.9.2. Standard Interpreter Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copy.html">8.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">copy</span></tt> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html">8.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pprint</span></tt> — Data pretty printer</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#prettyprinter-objects">8.11.1. PrettyPrinter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint.html#example">8.11.2. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html">8.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reprlib</span></tt> — Alternate <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">repr()</span></tt> implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html#repr-objects">8.12.1. Repr Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib.html#subclassing-repr-objects">8.12.2. Subclassing Repr Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numeric.html">9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html">9.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">numbers</span></tt> — Numeric abstract base classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#the-numeric-tower">9.1.1. The numeric tower</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#notes-for-type-implementors">9.1.2. Notes for type implementors</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#adding-more-numeric-abcs">9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers.html#implementing-the-arithmetic-operations">9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html">9.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">math</span></tt> — Mathematical functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#number-theoretic-and-representation-functions">9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#trigonometric-functions">9.2.3. Trigonometric functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#angular-conversion">9.2.4. Angular conversion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#hyperbolic-functions">9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#special-functions">9.2.6. Special functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math.html#constants">9.2.7. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html">9.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmath</span></tt> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#conversions-to-and-from-polar-coordinates">9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#power-and-logarithmic-functions">9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#trigonometric-functions">9.3.3. Trigonometric functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#hyperbolic-functions">9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#classification-functions">9.3.5. Classification functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath.html#constants">9.3.6. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html">9.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decimal</span></tt> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#quick-start-tutorial">9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#decimal-objects">9.4.2. Decimal objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#logical-operands">9.4.2.1. Logical operands</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#context-objects">9.4.3. Context objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#constants">9.4.4. Constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#rounding-modes">9.4.5. Rounding modes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#signals">9.4.6. Signals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#floating-point-notes">9.4.7. Floating Point Notes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#mitigating-round-off-error-with-increased-precision">9.4.7.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#special-values">9.4.7.2. Special values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#working-with-threads">9.4.8. Working with threads</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#recipes">9.4.9. Recipes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal.html#decimal-faq">9.4.10. Decimal FAQ</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fractions.html">9.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fractions</span></tt> — Rational numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html">9.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">random</span></tt> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#notes-on-reproducibility">9.6.1. Notes on Reproducibility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random.html#examples-and-recipes">9.6.2. Examples and Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functional.html">10. Functional Programming Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html">10.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">itertools</span></tt> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html#itertool-functions">10.1.1. Itertool functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools.html#itertools-recipes">10.1.2. Itertools Recipes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools.html">10.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">functools</span></tt> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools.html#partial-objects">10.2.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">partial</span></tt> Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html">10.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">operator</span></tt> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html#mapping-operators-to-functions">10.3.1. Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator.html#inplace-operators">10.3.2. Inplace Operators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filesys.html">11. File and Directory Access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.path.html">11.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.path</span></tt> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileinput.html">11.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></tt> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stat.html">11.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stat</span></tt> — Interpreting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stat()</span></tt> results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp.html">11.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></tt> — File and Directory Comparisons</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp.html#the-dircmp-class">11.4.1. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dircmp</span></tt> class</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html">11.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></tt> — Generate temporary files and directories</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile.html#examples">11.5.1. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/glob.html">11.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">glob</span></tt> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fnmatch.html">11.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></tt> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/linecache.html">11.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">linecache</span></tt> — Random access to text lines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html">11.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt> — High-level file operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#directory-and-files-operations">11.9.1. Directory and files operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#copytree-example">11.9.1.1. copytree example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-operations">11.9.2. Archiving operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#archiving-example">11.9.2.1. Archiving example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil.html#querying-the-size-of-the-output-terminal">11.9.3. Querying the size of the output terminal</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/macpath.html">11.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">macpath</span></tt> — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/persistence.html">12. Data Persistence</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html">12.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></tt> — Python object serialization</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#relationship-to-other-python-modules">12.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#data-stream-format">12.1.2. Data stream format</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#module-interface">12.1.3. Module Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#what-can-be-pickled-and-unpickled">12.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#pickling-class-instances">12.1.5. Pickling Class Instances</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#persistence-of-external-objects">12.1.5.1. Persistence of External Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#dispatch-tables">12.1.5.2. Dispatch Tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#handling-stateful-objects">12.1.5.3. Handling Stateful Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#restricting-globals">12.1.6. Restricting Globals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle.html#examples">12.1.7. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copyreg.html">12.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">copyreg</span></tt> — Register <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></tt> support functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html">12.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shelve</span></tt> — Python object persistence</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html#restrictions">12.3.1. Restrictions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve.html#example">12.3.2. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/marshal.html">12.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">marshal</span></tt> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html">12.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbm</span></tt> — Interfaces to Unix “databases”</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.gnu">12.5.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbm.gnu</span></tt> — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.ndbm">12.5.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbm.ndbm</span></tt> — Interface based on ndbm</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.dumb">12.5.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbm.dumb</span></tt> — Portable DBM implementation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html">12.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></tt> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#module-functions-and-constants">12.6.1. Module functions and constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#connection-objects">12.6.2. Connection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#cursor-objects">12.6.3. Cursor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#row-objects">12.6.4. Row Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#sqlite-and-python-types">12.6.5. SQLite and Python types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#introduction">12.6.5.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-adapters-to-store-additional-python-types-in-sqlite-databases">12.6.5.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#letting-your-object-adapt-itself">12.6.5.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#registering-an-adapter-callable">12.6.5.2.2. Registering an adapter callable</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#converting-sqlite-values-to-custom-python-types">12.6.5.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#default-adapters-and-converters">12.6.5.4. Default adapters and converters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#controlling-transactions">12.6.6. Controlling Transactions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-sqlite3-efficiently">12.6.7. Using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></tt> efficiently</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-shortcut-methods">12.6.7.1. Using shortcut methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#accessing-columns-by-name-instead-of-by-index">12.6.7.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#using-the-connection-as-a-context-manager">12.6.7.3. Using the connection as a context manager</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#common-issues">12.6.8. Common issues</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3.html#multithreading">12.6.8.1. Multithreading</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/archiving.html">13. Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zlib.html">13.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zlib</span></tt> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html">13.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gzip</span></tt> — Support for <strong class="program">gzip</strong> files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip.html#examples-of-usage">13.2.1. Examples of usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html">13.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bz2</span></tt> — Support for <strong class="program">bzip2</strong> compression</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#de-compression-of-files">13.3.1. (De)compression of files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#incremental-de-compression">13.3.2. Incremental (de)compression</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2.html#one-shot-de-compression">13.3.3. One-shot (de)compression</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html">13.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lzma</span></tt> — Compression using the LZMA algorithm</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#reading-and-writing-compressed-files">13.4.1. Reading and writing compressed files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#compressing-and-decompressing-data-in-memory">13.4.2. Compressing and decompressing data in memory</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#miscellaneous">13.4.3. Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#specifying-custom-filter-chains">13.4.4. Specifying custom filter chains</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma.html#examples">13.4.5. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html">13.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zipfile</span></tt> — Work with ZIP archives</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#zipfile-objects">13.5.1. ZipFile Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#pyzipfile-objects">13.5.2. PyZipFile Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile.html#zipinfo-objects">13.5.3. ZipInfo Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html">13.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tarfile</span></tt> — Read and write tar archive files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#tarfile-objects">13.6.1. TarFile Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#tarinfo-objects">13.6.2. TarInfo Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#examples">13.6.3. Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#supported-tar-formats">13.6.4. Supported tar formats</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile.html#unicode-issues">13.6.5. Unicode issues</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileformats.html">14. File Formats</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html">14.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">csv</span></tt> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#module-contents">14.1.1. Module Contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#dialects-and-formatting-parameters">14.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#reader-objects">14.1.3. Reader Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#writer-objects">14.1.4. Writer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv.html#examples">14.1.5. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html">14.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configparser</span></tt> — Configuration file parser</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#quick-start">14.2.1. Quick Start</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#supported-datatypes">14.2.2. Supported Datatypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#fallback-values">14.2.3. Fallback Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#supported-ini-file-structure">14.2.4. Supported INI File Structure</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#interpolation-of-values">14.2.5. Interpolation of values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#mapping-protocol-access">14.2.6. Mapping Protocol Access</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#customizing-parser-behaviour">14.2.7. Customizing Parser Behaviour</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#legacy-api-examples">14.2.8. Legacy API Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#configparser-objects">14.2.9. ConfigParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#rawconfigparser-objects">14.2.10. RawConfigParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser.html#exceptions">14.2.11. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc.html">14.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">netrc</span></tt> — netrc file processing</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc.html#netrc-objects">14.3.1. netrc Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html">14.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></tt> — Encode and decode XDR data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#packer-objects">14.4.1. Packer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#unpacker-objects">14.4.2. Unpacker Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib.html#exceptions">14.4.3. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib.html">14.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></tt> — Generate and parse Mac OS X <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.plist</span></tt> files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib.html#examples">14.5.1. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypto.html">15. Cryptographic Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib.html">15.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></tt> — Secure hashes and message digests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hmac.html">15.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hmac</span></tt> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/allos.html">16. Generic Operating System Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html">16.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></tt> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">16.1.1. File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#process-parameters">16.1.2. Process Parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-object-creation">16.1.3. File Object Creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#file-descriptor-operations">16.1.4. File Descriptor Operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#open-flag-constants">16.1.4.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">open()</span></tt> flag constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal">16.1.4.2. Querying the size of a terminal</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#files-and-directories">16.1.5. Files and Directories</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#linux-extended-attributes">16.1.5.1. Linux extended attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#process-management">16.1.6. Process Management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler">16.1.7. Interface to the scheduler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">16.1.8. Miscellaneous System Information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.html#miscellaneous-functions">16.1.9. Miscellaneous Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html">16.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">io</span></tt> — Core tools for working with streams</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#overview">16.2.1. Overview</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#text-i-o">16.2.1.1. Text I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#binary-i-o">16.2.1.2. Binary I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#raw-i-o">16.2.1.3. Raw I/O</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#high-level-module-interface">16.2.2. High-level Module Interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#in-memory-streams">16.2.2.1. In-memory streams</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#class-hierarchy">16.2.3. Class hierarchy</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#i-o-base-classes">16.2.3.1. I/O Base Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#raw-file-i-o">16.2.3.2. Raw File I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#buffered-streams">16.2.3.3. Buffered Streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id1">16.2.3.4. Text I/O</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#performance">16.2.4. Performance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id2">16.2.4.1. Binary I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#id3">16.2.4.2. Text I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#multi-threading">16.2.4.3. Multi-threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io.html#reentrancy">16.2.4.4. Reentrancy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time.html">16.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></tt> — Time access and conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html">16.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse</span></tt> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#example">16.4.1. Example</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#creating-a-parser">16.4.1.1. Creating a parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#adding-arguments">16.4.1.2. Adding arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parsing-arguments">16.4.1.3. Parsing arguments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argumentparser-objects">16.4.2. ArgumentParser objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#description">16.4.2.1. description</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#epilog">16.4.2.2. epilog</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#add-help">16.4.2.3. add_help</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#prefix-chars">16.4.2.4. prefix_chars</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars">16.4.2.5. fromfile_prefix_chars</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-default">16.4.2.6. argument_default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parents">16.4.2.7. parents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#formatter-class">16.4.2.8. formatter_class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#conflict-handler">16.4.2.9. conflict_handler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#prog">16.4.2.10. prog</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#usage">16.4.2.11. usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-add-argument-method">16.4.3. The add_argument() method</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#name-or-flags">16.4.3.1. name or flags</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#action">16.4.3.2. action</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#nargs">16.4.3.3. nargs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#const">16.4.3.4. const</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#default">16.4.3.5. default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#type">16.4.3.6. type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#choices">16.4.3.7. choices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#required">16.4.3.8. required</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#help">16.4.3.9. help</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#metavar">16.4.3.10. metavar</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#dest">16.4.3.11. dest</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-parse-args-method">16.4.4. The parse_args() method</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#option-value-syntax">16.4.4.1. Option value syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#invalid-arguments">16.4.4.2. Invalid arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#arguments-containing">16.4.4.3. Arguments containing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-abbreviations">16.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv">16.4.4.5. Beyond <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#the-namespace-object">16.4.4.6. The Namespace object</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#other-utilities">16.4.5. Other utilities</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#sub-commands">16.4.5.1. Sub-commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#filetype-objects">16.4.5.2. FileType objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#argument-groups">16.4.5.3. Argument groups</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#mutual-exclusion">16.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#parser-defaults">16.4.5.5. Parser defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#printing-help">16.4.5.6. Printing help</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#partial-parsing">16.4.5.7. Partial parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing">16.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#exiting-methods">16.4.5.9. Exiting methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code">16.4.6. Upgrading optparse code</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html">16.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optparse</span></tt> — Parser for command line options</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#background">16.5.1. Background</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#terminology">16.5.1.1. Terminology</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#what-are-options-for">16.5.1.2. What are options for?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#what-are-positional-arguments-for">16.5.1.3. What are positional arguments for?</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#tutorial">16.5.2. Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#understanding-option-actions">16.5.2.1. Understanding option actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#the-store-action">16.5.2.2. The store action</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#handling-boolean-flag-options">16.5.2.3. Handling boolean (flag) options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#other-actions">16.5.2.4. Other actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#default-values">16.5.2.5. Default values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#generating-help">16.5.2.6. Generating help</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#grouping-options">16.5.2.6.1. Grouping Options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#printing-a-version-string">16.5.2.7. Printing a version string</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#how-optparse-handles-errors">16.5.2.8. How <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optparse</span></tt> handles errors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#putting-it-all-together">16.5.2.9. Putting it all together</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#reference-guide">16.5.3. Reference Guide</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#creating-the-parser">16.5.3.1. Creating the parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#populating-the-parser">16.5.3.2. Populating the parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#defining-options">16.5.3.3. Defining options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#option-attributes">16.5.3.4. Option attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#standard-option-actions">16.5.3.5. Standard option actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#standard-option-types">16.5.3.6. Standard option types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#parsing-arguments">16.5.3.7. Parsing arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#querying-and-manipulating-your-option-parser">16.5.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#conflicts-between-options">16.5.3.9. Conflicts between options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#cleanup">16.5.3.10. Cleanup</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#other-methods">16.5.3.11. Other methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#option-callbacks">16.5.4. Option Callbacks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#defining-a-callback-option">16.5.4.1. Defining a callback option</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#how-callbacks-are-called">16.5.4.2. How callbacks are called</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#raising-errors-in-a-callback">16.5.4.3. Raising errors in a callback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-1-trivial-callback">16.5.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-2-check-option-order">16.5.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-3-check-option-order-generalized">16.5.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-4-check-arbitrary-condition">16.5.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-5-fixed-arguments">16.5.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#callback-example-6-variable-arguments">16.5.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#extending-optparse">16.5.5. Extending <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optparse</span></tt></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#adding-new-types">16.5.5.1. Adding new types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse.html#adding-new-actions">16.5.5.2. Adding new actions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getopt.html">16.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getopt</span></tt> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html">16.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging</span></tt> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logger-objects">16.7.1. Logger Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#handler-objects">16.7.2. Handler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#formatter-objects">16.7.3. Formatter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#filter-objects">16.7.4. Filter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logrecord-objects">16.7.5. LogRecord Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes">16.7.6. LogRecord attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">16.7.7. LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#thread-safety">16.7.8. Thread Safety</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#module-level-functions">16.7.9. Module-Level Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">16.7.10. Integration with the warnings module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html">16.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></tt> — Logging configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-functions">16.8.1. Configuration functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">16.8.2. Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">16.8.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">16.8.2.2. Incremental Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#object-connections">16.8.2.3. Object connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">16.8.2.4. User-defined objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">16.8.2.5. Access to external objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">16.8.2.6. Access to internal objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">16.8.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">16.8.3. Configuration file format</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html">16.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></tt> — Logging handlers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">16.9.1. StreamHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#filehandler">16.9.2. FileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">16.9.3. NullHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">16.9.4. WatchedFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">16.9.5. BaseRotatingHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">16.9.6. RotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">16.9.7. TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">16.9.8. SocketHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">16.9.9. DatagramHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">16.9.10. SysLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">16.9.11. NTEventLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">16.9.12. SMTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">16.9.13. MemoryHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#httphandler">16.9.14. HTTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#queuehandler">16.9.15. QueueHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers.html#queuelistener">16.9.16. QueueListener</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getpass.html">16.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getpass</span></tt> — Portable password input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html">16.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses</span></tt> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#functions">16.11.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#window-objects">16.11.2. Window Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#constants">16.11.3. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#module-curses.textpad">16.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></tt> — Text input widget for curses programs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.html#textbox-objects">16.12.1. Textbox objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.ascii.html">16.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></tt> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html">16.14. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></tt> — A panel stack extension for curses</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html#functions">16.14.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel.html#panel-objects">16.14.2. Panel Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html">16.15. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">platform</span></tt> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#cross-platform">16.15.1. Cross Platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#java-platform">16.15.2. Java Platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#windows-platform">16.15.3. Windows Platform</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#win95-98-specific">16.15.3.1. Win95/98 specific</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#mac-os-platform">16.15.4. Mac OS Platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform.html#unix-platforms">16.15.5. Unix Platforms</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/errno.html">16.16. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">errno</span></tt> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html">16.17. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></tt> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial">16.17.1. ctypes tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#loading-dynamic-link-libraries">16.17.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls">16.17.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions">16.17.1.3. Calling functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types">16.17.1.4. Fundamental data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued">16.17.1.5. Calling functions, continued</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types">16.17.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes">16.17.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#return-types">16.17.1.8. Return types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference">16.17.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structures-and-unions">16.17.1.10. Structures and unions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order">16.17.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions">16.17.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#arrays">16.17.1.13. Arrays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#pointers">16.17.1.14. Pointers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#type-conversions">16.17.1.15. Type conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#incomplete-types">16.17.1.16. Incomplete Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#callback-functions">16.17.1.17. Callback functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls">16.17.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#surprises">16.17.1.19. Surprises</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types">16.17.1.20. Variable-sized data types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-reference">16.17.2. ctypes reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries">16.17.2.1. Finding shared libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries">16.17.2.2. Loading shared libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#foreign-functions">16.17.2.3. Foreign functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#function-prototypes">16.17.2.4. Function prototypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#utility-functions">16.17.2.5. Utility functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#data-types">16.17.2.6. Data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2">16.17.2.7. Fundamental data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#structured-data-types">16.17.2.8. Structured data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers">16.17.2.9. Arrays and pointers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrency.html">17. Concurrent Execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html">17.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></tt> — Thread-based parallelism</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#thread-objects">17.1.1. Thread Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#lock-objects">17.1.2. Lock Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#rlock-objects">17.1.3. RLock Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#condition-objects">17.1.4. Condition Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#usage">17.1.4.1. Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#interface">17.1.4.2. Interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#semaphore-objects">17.1.5. Semaphore Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#semaphore-example">17.1.5.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Semaphore</span></tt> Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#event-objects">17.1.6. Event Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#timer-objects">17.1.7. Timer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#barrier-objects">17.1.8. Barrier Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">17.1.9. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt> statement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html">17.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></tt> — Process-based parallelism</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#introduction">17.2.1. Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#the-process-class">17.2.1.1. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Process</span></tt> class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#exchanging-objects-between-processes">17.2.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-between-processes">17.2.1.3. Synchronization between processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#sharing-state-between-processes">17.2.1.4. Sharing state between processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-pool-of-workers">17.2.1.5. Using a pool of workers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#reference">17.2.2. Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#process-and-exceptions">17.2.2.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Process</span></tt> and exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#pipes-and-queues">17.2.2.2. Pipes and Queues</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#miscellaneous">17.2.2.3. Miscellaneous</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#connection-objects">17.2.2.4. Connection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#synchronization-primitives">17.2.2.5. Synchronization primitives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#shared-ctypes-objects">17.2.2.6. Shared <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></tt> Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes">17.2.2.6.1. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</span></tt> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#managers">17.2.2.7. Managers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#namespace-objects">17.2.2.7.1. Namespace objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#customized-managers">17.2.2.7.2. Customized managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#using-a-remote-manager">17.2.2.7.3. Using a remote manager</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#proxy-objects">17.2.2.8. Proxy Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#cleanup">17.2.2.8.1. Cleanup</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool">17.2.2.9. Process Pools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection">17.2.2.10. Listeners and Clients</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#address-formats">17.2.2.10.1. Address Formats</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#authentication-keys">17.2.2.11. Authentication keys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#logging">17.2.2.12. Logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy">17.2.2.13. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.dummy</span></tt> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#programming-guidelines">17.2.3. Programming guidelines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#all-platforms">17.2.3.1. All platforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#windows">17.2.3.2. Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.html#examples">17.2.4. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html">17.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></tt> — Launching parallel tasks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#executor-objects">17.3.1. Executor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor">17.3.2. ThreadPoolExecutor</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor-example">17.3.2.1. ThreadPoolExecutor Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor">17.3.3. ProcessPoolExecutor</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor-example">17.3.3.1. ProcessPoolExecutor Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#future-objects">17.3.4. Future Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#module-functions">17.3.5. Module Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures.html#exception-classes">17.3.6. Exception classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html">17.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></tt> — Subprocess management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#using-the-subprocess-module">17.4.1. Using the subprocess Module</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#frequently-used-arguments">17.4.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#popen-constructor">17.4.1.2. Popen Constructor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#exceptions">17.4.1.3. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#security">17.4.1.4. Security</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#popen-objects">17.4.2. Popen Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#windows-popen-helpers">17.4.3. Windows Popen Helpers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#constants">17.4.3.1. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module">17.4.4. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-bin-sh-shell-backquote">17.4.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-shell-pipeline">17.4.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-system">17.4.4.3. Replacing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.system()</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-the-os-spawn-family">17.4.4.4. Replacing the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.spawn</span></tt> family</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3">17.4.4.5. Replacing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.popen()</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.popen2()</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.popen3()</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module">17.4.4.6. Replacing functions from the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">popen2</span></tt> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#legacy-shell-invocation-functions">17.4.5. Legacy Shell Invocation Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#notes">17.4.6. Notes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess.html#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows">17.4.6.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched.html">17.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sched</span></tt> — Event scheduler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched.html#scheduler-objects">17.5.1. Scheduler Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html">17.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">queue</span></tt> — A synchronized queue class</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue.html#queue-objects">17.6.1. Queue Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html">17.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">select</span></tt> — Waiting for I/O completion</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#dev-poll-polling-objects">17.7.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/dev/poll</span></tt> Polling Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects">17.7.2. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#polling-objects">17.7.3. Polling Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#kqueue-objects">17.7.4. Kqueue Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select.html#kevent-objects">17.7.5. Kevent Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dummy_threading.html">17.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></tt> — Drop-in replacement for the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">threading</span></tt> module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_thread.html">17.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_thread</span></tt> — Low-level threading API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_dummy_thread.html">17.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_dummy_thread</span></tt> — Drop-in replacement for the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_thread</span></tt> module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipc.html">18. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html">18.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></tt> — Low-level networking interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#socket-families">18.1.1. Socket families</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#module-contents">18.1.2. Module contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#socket-objects">18.1.3. Socket Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#notes-on-socket-timeouts">18.1.4. Notes on socket timeouts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#timeouts-and-the-connect-method">18.1.4.1. Timeouts and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connect</span></tt> method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#timeouts-and-the-accept-method">18.1.4.2. Timeouts and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept</span></tt> method</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket.html#example">18.1.5. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html">18.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl</span></tt> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#functions-constants-and-exceptions">18.2.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#socket-creation">18.2.1.1. Socket creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#random-generation">18.2.1.2. Random generation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificate-handling">18.2.1.3. Certificate handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#constants">18.2.1.4. Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-sockets">18.2.2. SSL Sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ssl-contexts">18.2.3. SSL Contexts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificates">18.2.4. Certificates</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#certificate-chains">18.2.4.1. Certificate chains</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#ca-certificates">18.2.4.2. CA certificates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#combined-key-and-certificate">18.2.4.3. Combined key and certificate</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#self-signed-certificates">18.2.4.4. Self-signed certificates</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#examples">18.2.5. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#testing-for-ssl-support">18.2.5.1. Testing for SSL support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#client-side-operation">18.2.5.2. Client-side operation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#server-side-operation">18.2.5.3. Server-side operation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#notes-on-non-blocking-sockets">18.2.6. Notes on non-blocking sockets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#security-considerations">18.2.7. Security considerations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#verifying-certificates">18.2.7.1. Verifying certificates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#protocol-versions">18.2.7.2. Protocol versions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl.html#cipher-selection">18.2.7.3. Cipher selection</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncore.html">18.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asyncore</span></tt> — Asynchronous socket handler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncore.html#asyncore-example-basic-http-client">18.3.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncore.html#asyncore-example-basic-echo-server">18.3.2. asyncore Example basic echo server</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asynchat.html">18.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></tt> — Asynchronous socket command/response handler</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asynchat.html#asynchat-auxiliary-classes">18.4.1. asynchat - Auxiliary Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asynchat.html#asynchat-example">18.4.2. asynchat Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html">18.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">signal</span></tt> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#general-rules">18.5.1. General rules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#execution-of-python-signal-handlers">18.5.1.1. Execution of Python signal handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#signals-and-threads">18.5.1.2. Signals and threads</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#module-contents">18.5.2. Module contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal.html#example">18.5.3. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap.html">18.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mmap</span></tt> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netdata.html">19. Internet Data Handling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html">19.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt> — An email and MIME handling package</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.message.html">19.1.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.message</span></tt>: Representing an email message</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html">19.1.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></tt>: Parsing email messages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#feedparser-api">19.1.2.1. FeedParser API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#parser-class-api">19.1.2.2. Parser class API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser.html#additional-notes">19.1.2.3. Additional notes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.generator.html">19.1.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></tt>: Generating MIME documents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.policy.html">19.1.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.policy</span></tt>: Policy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.headerregistry.html">19.1.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.headerregistry</span></tt>: Custom Header Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.mime.html">19.1.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.mime</span></tt>: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.header.html">19.1.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.header</span></tt>: Internationalized headers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.charset.html">19.1.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.charset</span></tt>: Representing character sets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.encoders.html">19.1.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.encoders</span></tt>: Encoders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.errors.html">19.1.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></tt>: Exception and Defect classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.util.html">19.1.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></tt>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.iterators.html">19.1.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></tt>: Iterators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email-examples.html">19.1.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">email</span></tt>: Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html#package-history">19.1.14. Package History</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.html#differences-from-mimelib">19.1.15. Differences from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimelib</span></tt></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html">19.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">json</span></tt> — JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#basic-usage">19.2.1. Basic Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#encoders-and-decoders">19.2.2. Encoders and Decoders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#standard-compliance">19.2.3. Standard Compliance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#character-encodings">19.2.3.1. Character Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#top-level-non-object-non-array-values">19.2.3.2. Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#infinite-and-nan-number-values">19.2.3.3. Infinite and NaN Number Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json.html#repeated-names-within-an-object">19.2.3.4. Repeated Names Within an Object</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailcap.html">19.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mailcap</span></tt> — Mailcap file handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html">19.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></tt> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mailbox-objects">19.4.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mailbox</span></tt> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#maildir">19.4.1.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Maildir</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mbox">19.4.1.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mbox</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mh">19.4.1.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MH</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#babyl">19.4.1.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Babyl</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mmdf">19.4.1.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MMDF</span></tt></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#message-objects">19.4.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Message</span></tt> objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#maildirmessage">19.4.2.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MaildirMessage</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mboxmessage">19.4.2.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mboxMessage</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mhmessage">19.4.2.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MHMessage</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#babylmessage">19.4.2.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BabylMessage</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#mmdfmessage">19.4.2.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MMDFMessage</span></tt></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#exceptions">19.4.3. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox.html#examples">19.4.4. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes.html">19.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mimetypes</span></tt> — Map filenames to MIME types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes.html#mimetypes-objects">19.5.1. MimeTypes Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/base64.html">19.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base64</span></tt> — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binhex.html">19.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">binhex</span></tt> — Encode and decode binhex4 files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binhex.html#notes">19.7.1. Notes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binascii.html">19.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">binascii</span></tt> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/quopri.html">19.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">quopri</span></tt> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uu.html">19.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uu</span></tt> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/markup.html">20. Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.html">20.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html</span></tt> — HyperText Markup Language support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html">20.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html.parser</span></tt> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#example-html-parser-application">20.2.1. Example HTML Parser Application</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#htmlparser-methods">20.2.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></tt> Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser.html#examples">20.2.3. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.entities.html">20.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">html.entities</span></tt> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html">20.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></tt> — The ElementTree XML API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#tutorial">20.4.1. Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml-tree-and-elements">20.4.1.1. XML tree and elements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml">20.4.1.2. Parsing XML</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#finding-interesting-elements">20.4.1.3. Finding interesting elements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#modifying-an-xml-file">20.4.1.4. Modifying an XML File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#building-xml-documents">20.4.1.5. Building XML documents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#additional-resources">20.4.1.6. Additional resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xpath-support">20.4.2. XPath support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#example">20.4.2.1. Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#supported-xpath-syntax">20.4.2.2. Supported XPath syntax</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#reference">20.4.3. Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#functions">20.4.3.1. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#element-objects">20.4.3.2. Element Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#elementtree-objects">20.4.3.3. ElementTree Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#qname-objects">20.4.3.4. QName Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#treebuilder-objects">20.4.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlparser-objects">20.4.3.6. XMLParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#exceptions">20.4.3.7. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html">20.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></tt> — The Document Object Model API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#module-contents">20.5.1. Module Contents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#objects-in-the-dom">20.5.2. Objects in the DOM</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#domimplementation-objects">20.5.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#node-objects">20.5.2.2. Node Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#nodelist-objects">20.5.2.3. NodeList Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#documenttype-objects">20.5.2.4. DocumentType Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#document-objects">20.5.2.5. Document Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#element-objects">20.5.2.6. Element Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#attr-objects">20.5.2.7. Attr Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#namednodemap-objects">20.5.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#comment-objects">20.5.2.9. Comment Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#text-and-cdatasection-objects">20.5.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#processinginstruction-objects">20.5.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#exceptions">20.5.2.12. Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#conformance">20.5.3. Conformance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#type-mapping">20.5.3.1. Type Mapping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.html#accessor-methods">20.5.3.2. Accessor Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html">20.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></tt> — Lightweight DOM implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-objects">20.6.1. DOM Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-example">20.6.2. DOM Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#minidom-and-the-dom-standard">20.6.3. minidom and the DOM standard</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html">20.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></tt> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html#domeventstream-objects">20.7.1. DOMEventStream Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.html">20.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></tt> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.html#saxexception-objects">20.8.1. SAXException Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html">20.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.handler</span></tt> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#contenthandler-objects">20.9.1. ContentHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#dtdhandler-objects">20.9.2. DTDHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#entityresolver-objects">20.9.3. EntityResolver Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#errorhandler-objects">20.9.4. ErrorHandler Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.utils.html">20.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></tt> — SAX Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html">20.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.xmlreader</span></tt> — Interface for XML parsers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#xmlreader-objects">20.11.1. XMLReader Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#incrementalparser-objects">20.11.2. IncrementalParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#locator-objects">20.11.3. Locator Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#inputsource-objects">20.11.4. InputSource Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributes-interface">20.11.5. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Attributes</span></tt> Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributesns-interface">20.11.6. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AttributesNS</span></tt> Interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html">20.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></tt> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#xmlparser-objects">20.12.1. XMLParser Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#expaterror-exceptions">20.12.2. ExpatError Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#example">20.12.3. Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.model">20.12.4. Content Model Descriptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.errors">20.12.5. Expat error constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/internet.html">21. Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser.html">21.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></tt> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">21.1.1. Browser Controller Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html">21.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgi</span></tt> — Common Gateway Interface support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#introduction">21.2.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#using-the-cgi-module">21.2.2. Using the cgi module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#higher-level-interface">21.2.3. Higher Level Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#functions">21.2.4. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#caring-about-security">21.2.5. Caring about security</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system">21.2.6. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#testing-your-cgi-script">21.2.7. Testing your CGI script</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#debugging-cgi-scripts">21.2.8. Debugging CGI scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi.html#common-problems-and-solutions">21.2.9. Common problems and solutions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgitb.html">21.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></tt> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html">21.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></tt> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util">21.4.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></tt> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers">21.4.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></tt> – WSGI response header tools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server">21.4.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></tt> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate">21.4.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></tt> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers">21.4.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></tt> – server/gateway base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref.html#examples">21.4.6. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html">21.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></tt> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#request-objects">21.5.1. Request Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#openerdirector-objects">21.5.2. OpenerDirector Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#basehandler-objects">21.5.3. BaseHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpredirecthandler-objects">21.5.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpcookieprocessor-objects">21.5.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxyhandler-objects">21.5.6. ProxyHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">21.5.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">21.5.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">21.5.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">21.5.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">21.5.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">21.5.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">21.5.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httphandler-objects">21.5.14. HTTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httpshandler-objects">21.5.15. HTTPSHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#filehandler-objects">21.5.16. FileHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#ftphandler-objects">21.5.17. FTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#cacheftphandler-objects">21.5.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#unknownhandler-objects">21.5.19. UnknownHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">21.5.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#examples">21.5.21. Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#legacy-interface">21.5.22. Legacy interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#urllib-request-restrictions">21.5.23. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></tt> Restrictions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response">21.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.response</span></tt> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html">21.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></tt> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#url-parsing">21.7.1. URL Parsing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">21.7.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#structured-parse-results">21.7.3. Structured Parse Results</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse.html#url-quoting">21.7.4. URL Quoting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.error.html">21.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.error</span></tt> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.robotparser.html">21.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib.robotparser</span></tt> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html">21.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.client</span></tt> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpconnection-objects">21.10.1. HTTPConnection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpresponse-objects">21.10.2. HTTPResponse Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#examples">21.10.3. Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client.html#httpmessage-objects">21.10.4. HTTPMessage Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html">21.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></tt> — FTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#ftp-objects">21.11.1. FTP Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects">21.11.2. FTP_TLS Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html">21.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">poplib</span></tt> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html#pop3-objects">21.12.1. POP3 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib.html#pop3-example">21.12.2. POP3 Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html">21.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></tt> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html#imap4-objects">21.13.1. IMAP4 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib.html#imap4-example">21.13.2. IMAP4 Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html">21.14. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></tt> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#nntp-objects">21.14.1. NNTP Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#attributes">21.14.1.1. Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#methods">21.14.1.2. Methods</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib.html#utility-functions">21.14.2. Utility functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html">21.15. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></tt> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html#smtp-objects">21.15.1. SMTP Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib.html#smtp-example">21.15.2. SMTP Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html">21.16. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></tt> — SMTP Server</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#smtpserver-objects">21.16.1. SMTPServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#debuggingserver-objects">21.16.2. DebuggingServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#pureproxy-objects">21.16.3. PureProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#mailmanproxy-objects">21.16.4. MailmanProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtpd.html#smtpchannel-objects">21.16.5. SMTPChannel Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html">21.17. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></tt> — Telnet client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html#telnet-objects">21.17.1. Telnet Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib.html#telnet-example">21.17.2. Telnet Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html">21.18. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uuid</span></tt> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid.html#example">21.18.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html">21.19. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socketserver</span></tt> — A framework for network servers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">21.19.1. Server Creation Notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#server-objects">21.19.2. Server Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#requesthandler-objects">21.19.3. RequestHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#examples">21.19.4. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example">21.19.4.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socketserver.TCPServer</span></tt> Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example">21.19.4.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socketserver.UDPServer</span></tt> Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">21.19.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.server.html">21.20. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.server</span></tt> — HTTP servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html">21.21. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.cookies</span></tt> — HTTP state management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#cookie-objects">21.21.1. Cookie Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#morsel-objects">21.21.2. Morsel Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies.html#example">21.21.3. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html">21.22. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http.cookiejar</span></tt> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">21.22.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">21.22.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookiepolicy-objects">21.22.3. CookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">21.22.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#cookie-objects">21.22.5. Cookie Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar.html#examples">21.22.6. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html">21.23. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></tt> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#serverproxy-objects">21.23.1. ServerProxy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#datetime-objects">21.23.2. DateTime Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#binary-objects">21.23.3. Binary Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#fault-objects">21.23.4. Fault Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#protocolerror-objects">21.23.5. ProtocolError Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#multicall-objects">21.23.6. MultiCall Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#convenience-functions">21.23.7. Convenience Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-usage">21.23.8. Example of Client Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#example-of-client-and-server-usage">21.23.9. Example of Client and Server Usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html">21.24. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.server</span></tt> — Basic XML-RPC servers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-objects">21.24.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example">21.24.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler">21.24.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#documenting-xmlrpc-server">21.24.3. Documenting XMLRPC server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#docxmlrpcserver-objects">21.24.4. DocXMLRPCServer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler">21.24.5. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html">21.25. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ipaddress</span></tt> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#convenience-factory-functions">21.25.1. Convenience factory functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#ip-addresses">21.25.2. IP Addresses</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#address-objects">21.25.2.1. Address objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#conversion-to-strings-and-integers">21.25.2.2. Conversion to Strings and Integers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#operators">21.25.2.3. Operators</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#logical-operators">21.25.2.3.1. Logical operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#arithmetic-operators">21.25.2.3.2. Arithmetic operators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#ip-network-definitions">21.25.3. IP Network definitions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#prefix-net-mask-and-host-mask">21.25.3.1. Prefix, net mask and host mask</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#network-objects">21.25.3.2. Network objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#id1">21.25.3.3. Operators</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#id2">21.25.3.3.1. Logical operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#iteration">21.25.3.3.2. Iteration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#networks-as-containers-of-addresses">21.25.3.3.3. Networks as containers of addresses</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#interface-objects">21.25.4. Interface objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#other-module-level-functions">21.25.5. Other Module Level Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress.html#custom-exceptions">21.25.6. Custom Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mm.html">22. Multimedia Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/audioop.html">22.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">audioop</span></tt> — Manipulate raw audio data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/aifc.html">22.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">aifc</span></tt> — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html">22.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sunau</span></tt> — Read and write Sun AU files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html#au-read-objects">22.3.1. AU_read Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sunau.html#au-write-objects">22.3.2. AU_write Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html">22.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wave</span></tt> — Read and write WAV files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html#wave-read-objects">22.4.1. Wave_read Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave.html#wave-write-objects">22.4.2. Wave_write Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/chunk.html">22.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">chunk</span></tt> — Read IFF chunked data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/colorsys.html">22.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">colorsys</span></tt> — Conversions between color systems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imghdr.html">22.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imghdr</span></tt> — Determine the type of an image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sndhdr.html">22.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sndhdr</span></tt> — Determine type of sound file</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html">22.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ossaudiodev</span></tt> — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html#audio-device-objects">22.9.1. Audio Device Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev.html#mixer-device-objects">22.9.2. Mixer Device Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/i18n.html">23. Internationalization</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html">23.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt> — Multilingual internationalization services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#gnu-gettext-api">23.1.1. GNU <strong class="program">gettext</strong> API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#class-based-api">23.1.2. Class-based API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-nulltranslations-class">23.1.2.1. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NullTranslations</span></tt> class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-gnutranslations-class">23.1.2.2. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GNUTranslations</span></tt> class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#solaris-message-catalog-support">23.1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#the-catalog-constructor">23.1.2.4. The Catalog constructor</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#internationalizing-your-programs-and-modules">23.1.3. Internationalizing your programs and modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#localizing-your-module">23.1.3.1. Localizing your module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#localizing-your-application">23.1.3.2. Localizing your application</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#changing-languages-on-the-fly">23.1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#deferred-translations">23.1.3.4. Deferred translations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext.html#acknowledgements">23.1.4. Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html">23.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">locale</span></tt> — Internationalization services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#background-details-hints-tips-and-caveats">23.2.1. Background, details, hints, tips and caveats</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#for-extension-writers-and-programs-that-embed-python">23.2.2. For extension writers and programs that embed Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale.html#access-to-message-catalogs">23.2.3. Access to message catalogs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/frameworks.html">24. Program Frameworks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html">24.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">turtle</span></tt> — Turtle graphics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#introduction">24.1.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#overview-of-available-turtle-and-screen-methods">24.1.2. Overview of available Turtle and Screen methods</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-methods">24.1.2.1. Turtle methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">24.1.2.2. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">24.1.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-motion">24.1.3.1. Turtle motion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#tell-turtle-s-state">24.1.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#settings-for-measurement">24.1.3.3. Settings for measurement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#pen-control">24.1.3.4. Pen control</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#drawing-state">24.1.3.4.1. Drawing state</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#color-control">24.1.3.4.2. Color control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#filling">24.1.3.4.3. Filling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#more-drawing-control">24.1.3.4.4. More drawing control</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#turtle-state">24.1.3.5. Turtle state</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#visibility">24.1.3.5.1. Visibility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#appearance">24.1.3.5.2. Appearance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#using-events">24.1.3.6. Using events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#special-turtle-methods">24.1.3.7. Special Turtle methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#compound-shapes">24.1.3.8. Compound shapes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">24.1.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#window-control">24.1.4.1. Window control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#animation-control">24.1.4.2. Animation control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#using-screen-events">24.1.4.3. Using screen events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#input-methods">24.1.4.4. Input methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#settings-and-special-methods">24.1.4.5. Settings and special methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">24.1.4.6. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#public-classes">24.1.5. Public classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#help-and-configuration">24.1.6. Help and configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to-use-help">24.1.6.1. How to use help</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">24.1.6.2. Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">24.1.6.3. How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#demo-scripts">24.1.7. Demo scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#changes-since-python-2-6">24.1.8. Changes since Python 2.6</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle.html#changes-since-python-3-0">24.1.9. Changes since Python 3.0</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html">24.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd</span></tt> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html#cmd-objects">24.2.1. Cmd Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd.html#cmd-example">24.2.2. Cmd Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html">24.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shlex</span></tt> — Simple lexical analysis</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#shlex-objects">24.3.1. shlex Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex.html#parsing-rules">24.3.2. Parsing Rules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tk.html">25. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html">25.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter</span></tt> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tkinter-modules">25.1.1. Tkinter Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tkinter-life-preserver">25.1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#how-to-use-this-section">25.1.2.1. How To Use This Section</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#a-simple-hello-world-program">25.1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#a-very-quick-look-at-tcl-tk">25.1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#mapping-basic-tk-into-tkinter">25.1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#how-tk-and-tkinter-are-related">25.1.5. How Tk and Tkinter are Related</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#handy-reference">25.1.6. Handy Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#setting-options">25.1.6.1. Setting Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-packer">25.1.6.2. The Packer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#packer-options">25.1.6.3. Packer Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#coupling-widget-variables">25.1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-window-manager">25.1.6.5. The Window Manager</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#tk-option-data-types">25.1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#bindings-and-events">25.1.6.7. Bindings and Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#the-index-parameter">25.1.6.8. The index Parameter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.html#images">25.1.6.9. Images</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html">25.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.ttk</span></tt> — Tk themed widgets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#using-ttk">25.2.1. Using Ttk</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-widgets">25.2.2. Ttk Widgets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#widget">25.2.3. Widget</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#standard-options">25.2.3.1. Standard Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#scrollable-widget-options">25.2.3.2. Scrollable Widget Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#label-options">25.2.3.3. Label Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#compatibility-options">25.2.3.4. Compatibility Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#widget-states">25.2.3.5. Widget States</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-widget">25.2.3.6. ttk.Widget</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#combobox">25.2.4. Combobox</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#options">25.2.4.1. Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#virtual-events">25.2.4.2. Virtual events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-combobox">25.2.4.3. ttk.Combobox</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#notebook">25.2.5. Notebook</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id1">25.2.5.1. Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#tab-options">25.2.5.2. Tab Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#tab-identifiers">25.2.5.3. Tab Identifiers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id2">25.2.5.4. Virtual Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-notebook">25.2.5.5. ttk.Notebook</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#progressbar">25.2.6. Progressbar</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id3">25.2.6.1. Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-progressbar">25.2.6.2. ttk.Progressbar</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#separator">25.2.7. Separator</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id4">25.2.7.1. Options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#sizegrip">25.2.8. Sizegrip</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#platform-specific-notes">25.2.8.1. Platform-specific notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#bugs">25.2.8.2. Bugs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#treeview">25.2.9. Treeview</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id5">25.2.9.1. Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#item-options">25.2.9.2. Item Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#tag-options">25.2.9.3. Tag Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#column-identifiers">25.2.9.4. Column Identifiers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#id6">25.2.9.5. Virtual Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-treeview">25.2.9.6. ttk.Treeview</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#ttk-styling">25.2.10. Ttk Styling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#layouts">25.2.10.1. Layouts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html">25.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.tix</span></tt> — Extension widgets for Tk</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#using-tix">25.3.1. Using Tix</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#tix-widgets">25.3.2. Tix Widgets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#basic-widgets">25.3.2.1. Basic Widgets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#file-selectors">25.3.2.2. File Selectors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#hierarchical-listbox">25.3.2.3. Hierarchical ListBox</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#tabular-listbox">25.3.2.4. Tabular ListBox</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#manager-widgets">25.3.2.5. Manager Widgets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#image-types">25.3.2.6. Image Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#miscellaneous-widgets">25.3.2.7. Miscellaneous Widgets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#form-geometry-manager">25.3.2.8. Form Geometry Manager</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix.html#tix-commands">25.3.3. Tix Commands</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.scrolledtext.html">25.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tkinter.scrolledtext</span></tt> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html">25.5. IDLE</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#menus">25.5.1. Menus</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#file-menu">25.5.1.1. File menu</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#edit-menu">25.5.1.2. Edit menu</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#windows-menu">25.5.1.3. Windows menu</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#debug-menu-in-the-python-shell-window-only">25.5.1.4. Debug menu (in the Python Shell window only)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#basic-editing-and-navigation">25.5.2. Basic editing and navigation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#automatic-indentation">25.5.2.1. Automatic indentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#python-shell-window">25.5.2.2. Python Shell window</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#syntax-colors">25.5.3. Syntax colors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#startup">25.5.4. Startup</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle.html#command-line-usage">25.5.4.1. Command line usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/othergui.html">25.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/development.html">26. Development Tools</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pydoc.html">26.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></tt> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html">26.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctest</span></tt> — Test interactive Python examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">26.2.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">26.2.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#how-it-works">26.2.3. How It Works</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#which-docstrings-are-examined">26.2.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">26.2.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#what-s-the-execution-context">26.2.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#what-about-exceptions">26.2.3.4. What About Exceptions?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#option-flags-and-directives">26.2.3.5. Option Flags and Directives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#warnings">26.2.3.6. Warnings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#basic-api">26.2.4. Basic API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#unittest-api">26.2.5. Unittest API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#advanced-api">26.2.6. Advanced API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctest-objects">26.2.6.1. DocTest Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#example-objects">26.2.6.2. Example Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestfinder-objects">26.2.6.3. DocTestFinder objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestparser-objects">26.2.6.4. DocTestParser objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#doctestrunner-objects">26.2.6.5. DocTestRunner objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#outputchecker-objects">26.2.6.6. OutputChecker objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#debugging">26.2.7. Debugging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest.html#soapbox">26.2.8. Soapbox</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html">26.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></tt> — Unit testing framework</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#basic-example">26.3.1. Basic example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#command-line-interface">26.3.2. Command-Line Interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#command-line-options">26.3.2.1. Command-line options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#test-discovery">26.3.3. Test Discovery</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#organizing-test-code">26.3.4. Organizing test code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#re-using-old-test-code">26.3.5. Re-using old test code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures">26.3.6. Skipping tests and expected failures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#classes-and-functions">26.3.7. Classes and functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#test-cases">26.3.7.1. Test cases</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#deprecated-aliases">26.3.7.1.1. Deprecated aliases</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#grouping-tests">26.3.7.2. Grouping tests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#loading-and-running-tests">26.3.7.3. Loading and running tests</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#load-tests-protocol">26.3.7.3.1. load_tests Protocol</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#class-and-module-fixtures">26.3.8. Class and Module Fixtures</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#setupclass-and-teardownclass">26.3.8.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#setupmodule-and-teardownmodule">26.3.8.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.html#signal-handling">26.3.9. Signal Handling</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html">26.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></tt> — mock object library</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#quick-guide">26.4.1. Quick Guide</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#the-mock-class">26.4.2. The Mock Class</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#calling">26.4.2.1. Calling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#deleting-attributes">26.4.2.2. Deleting Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">26.4.2.3. Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#the-patchers">26.5. The patchers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch">26.5.1. patch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-object">26.5.2. patch.object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-dict">26.5.3. patch.dict</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-multiple">26.5.4. patch.multiple</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patch-methods-start-and-stop">26.5.5. patch methods: start and stop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#test-prefix">26.5.6. TEST_PREFIX</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#nesting-patch-decorators">26.5.7. Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#where-to-patch">26.5.8. Where to patch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">26.5.9. Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#magicmock-and-magic-method-support">26.6. MagicMock and magic method support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#mocking-magic-methods">26.6.1. Mocking Magic Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#magic-mock">26.6.2. Magic Mock</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#helpers">26.7. Helpers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#sentinel">26.7.1. sentinel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#default">26.7.2. DEFAULT</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#call">26.7.3. call</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#create-autospec">26.7.4. create_autospec</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#any">26.7.5. ANY</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#filter-dir">26.7.6. FILTER_DIR</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#mock-open">26.7.7. mock_open</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock.html#autospeccing">26.7.8. Autospeccing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html">26.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest.mock</span></tt> — getting started</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#using-mock">26.8.1. Using Mock</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-patching-methods">26.8.1.1. Mock Patching Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">26.8.1.2. Mock for Method Calls on an Object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-classes">26.8.1.3. Mocking Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#naming-your-mocks">26.8.1.4. Naming your mocks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-all-calls">26.8.1.5. Tracking all Calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#setting-return-values-and-attributes">26.8.1.6. Setting Return Values and Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#raising-exceptions-with-mocks">26.8.1.7. Raising exceptions with mocks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#side-effect-functions-and-iterables">26.8.1.8. Side effect functions and iterables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">26.8.1.9. Creating a Mock from an Existing Object</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#patch-decorators">26.8.2. Patch Decorators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#further-examples">26.9. Further Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-chained-calls">26.9.1. Mocking chained calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#partial-mocking">26.9.2. Partial mocking</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">26.9.3. Mocking a Generator Method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">26.9.4. Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">26.9.5. Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">26.9.6. Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">26.9.7. Coping with mutable arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#nesting-patches">26.9.8. Nesting Patches</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">26.9.9. Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">26.9.10. Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">26.9.11. Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">26.9.12. Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock-examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">26.9.13. More complex argument matching</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html">26.10. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#using-2to3">26.10.1. Using 2to3</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#fixers">26.10.2. Fixers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/2to3.html#module-lib2to3">26.10.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">lib2to3</span></tt> - 2to3’s library</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html">26.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></tt> — Regression tests package for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#writing-unit-tests-for-the-test-package">26.11.1. Writing Unit Tests for the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></tt> package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#running-tests-using-the-command-line-interface">26.11.2. Running tests using the command-line interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test.html#module-test.support">26.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test.support</span></tt> — Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html">26.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">venv</span></tt> — Creation of virtual environments</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html#creating-virtual-environments">26.13.1. Creating virtual environments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv.html#api">26.13.2. API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/debug.html">27. Debugging and Profiling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bdb.html">27.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bdb</span></tt> — Debugger framework</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html">27.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></tt> — Dump the Python traceback</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#dump-the-traceback">27.2.1. Dump the traceback</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#fault-handler-state">27.2.2. Fault handler state</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#dump-the-tracebacks-after-a-timeout">27.2.3. Dump the tracebacks after a timeout</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#dump-the-traceback-on-a-user-signal">27.2.4. Dump the traceback on a user signal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#file-descriptor-issue">27.2.5. File descriptor issue</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler.html#example">27.2.6. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pdb.html">27.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pdb</span></tt> — The Python Debugger</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pdb.html#debugger-commands">27.3.1. Debugger Commands</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html">27.4. The Python Profilers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#introduction-to-the-profilers">27.4.1. Introduction to the profilers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#instant-user-s-manual">27.4.2. Instant User’s Manual</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#what-is-deterministic-profiling">27.4.3. What Is Deterministic Profiling?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#module-cProfile">27.4.4. Reference Manual – <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">profile</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cProfile</span></tt></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#the-stats-class">27.4.4.1. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Stats</span></tt> Class</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#limitations">27.4.5. Limitations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#calibration">27.4.6. Calibration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile.html#extensions-deriving-better-profilers">27.4.7. Extensions — Deriving Better Profilers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html">27.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timeit</span></tt> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#command-line-interface">27.5.1. Command Line Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit.html#examples">27.5.2. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html">27.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#command-line-usage">27.6.1. Command-Line Usage</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#main-options">27.6.1.1. Main options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#modifiers">27.6.1.2. Modifiers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#filters">27.6.1.3. Filters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace.html#programmatic-interface">27.6.2. Programmatic Interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/python.html">28. Python Runtime Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.html">28.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys</span></tt> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html">28.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></tt> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#configuration-variables">28.2.1. Configuration variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#installation-paths">28.2.2. Installation paths</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#other-functions">28.2.3. Other functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig.html#using-sysconfig-as-a-script">28.2.4. Using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></tt> as a script</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/builtins.html">28.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">builtins</span></tt> — Built-in objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__.html">28.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt> — Top-level script environment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html">28.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">warnings</span></tt> — Warning control</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#warning-categories">28.5.1. Warning Categories</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#the-warnings-filter">28.5.2. The Warnings Filter</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#default-warning-filters">28.5.2.1. Default Warning Filters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#temporarily-suppressing-warnings">28.5.3. Temporarily Suppressing Warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#testing-warnings">28.5.4. Testing Warnings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#updating-code-for-new-versions-of-python">28.5.5. Updating Code For New Versions of Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#available-functions">28.5.6. Available Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings.html#available-context-managers">28.5.7. Available Context Managers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html">28.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></tt> — Utilities for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt>-statement contexts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#utilities">28.6.1. Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#examples-and-recipes">28.6.2. Examples and Recipes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#supporting-a-variable-number-of-context-managers">28.6.2.1. Supporting a variable number of context managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#simplifying-support-for-single-optional-context-managers">28.6.2.2. Simplifying support for single optional context managers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#catching-exceptions-from-enter-methods">28.6.2.3. Catching exceptions from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#cleaning-up-in-an-enter-implementation">28.6.2.4. Cleaning up in an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__</span></tt> implementation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#replacing-any-use-of-try-finally-and-flag-variables">28.6.2.5. Replacing any use of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">try-finally</span></tt> and flag variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib.html#using-a-context-manager-as-a-function-decorator">28.6.2.6. Using a context manager as a function decorator</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/abc.html">28.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">abc</span></tt> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit.html">28.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">atexit</span></tt> — Exit handlers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit.html#atexit-example">28.8.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">atexit</span></tt> Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html">28.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">traceback</span></tt> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback.html#traceback-examples">28.9.1. Traceback Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__future__.html">28.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__future__</span></tt> — Future statement definitions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gc.html">28.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gc</span></tt> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html">28.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect</span></tt> — Inspect live objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#types-and-members">28.12.1. Types and members</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#retrieving-source-code">28.12.2. Retrieving source code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#introspecting-callables-with-the-signature-object">28.12.3. Introspecting callables with the Signature object</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#classes-and-functions">28.12.4. Classes and functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#the-interpreter-stack">28.12.5. The interpreter stack</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#fetching-attributes-statically">28.12.6. Fetching attributes statically</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect.html#current-state-of-a-generator">28.12.7. Current State of a Generator</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site.html">28.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site</span></tt> — Site-specific configuration hook</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fpectl.html">28.14. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fpectl</span></tt> — Floating point exception control</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fpectl.html#example">28.14.1. Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fpectl.html#limitations-and-other-considerations">28.14.2. Limitations and other considerations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/distutils.html">28.15. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils</span></tt> — Building and installing Python modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/custominterp.html">29. Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html">29.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">code</span></tt> — Interpreter base classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html#interactive-interpreter-objects">29.1.1. Interactive Interpreter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code.html#interactive-console-objects">29.1.2. Interactive Console Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codeop.html">29.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">codeop</span></tt> — Compile Python code</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modules.html">30. Importing Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imp.html">30.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imp</span></tt> — Access the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></tt> internals</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imp.html#examples">30.1.1. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html">30.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">zipimport</span></tt> — Import modules from Zip archives</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html#zipimporter-objects">30.2.1. zipimporter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport.html#examples">30.2.2. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pkgutil.html">30.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span></tt> — Package extension utility</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modulefinder.html">30.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">modulefinder</span></tt> — Find modules used by a script</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modulefinder.html#example-usage-of-modulefinder">30.4.1. Example usage of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ModuleFinder</span></tt></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/runpy.html">30.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">runpy</span></tt> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html">30.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib</span></tt> – An implementation of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></tt></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#introduction">30.6.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#functions">30.6.2. Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.abc">30.6.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib.abc</span></tt> – Abstract base classes related to import</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.machinery">30.6.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib.machinery</span></tt> – Importers and path hooks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.util">30.6.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">importlib.util</span></tt> – Utility code for importers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/language.html">31. Python Language Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html">31.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parser</span></tt> — Access Python parse trees</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#creating-st-objects">31.1.1. Creating ST Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#converting-st-objects">31.1.2. Converting ST Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#queries-on-st-objects">31.1.3. Queries on ST Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#exceptions-and-error-handling">31.1.4. Exceptions and Error Handling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#st-objects">31.1.5. ST Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/parser.html#example-emulation-of-compile">31.1.6. Example: Emulation of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">compile()</span></tt></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html">31.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ast</span></tt> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#node-classes">31.2.1. Node classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#abstract-grammar">31.2.2. Abstract Grammar</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast.html#ast-helpers">31.2.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ast</span></tt> Helpers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html">31.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">symtable</span></tt> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html#generating-symbol-tables">31.3.1. Generating Symbol Tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable.html#examining-symbol-tables">31.3.2. Examining Symbol Tables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symbol.html">31.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">symbol</span></tt> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/token.html">31.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">token</span></tt> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/keyword.html">31.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">keyword</span></tt> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html">31.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></tt> — Tokenizer for Python source</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#tokenizing-input">31.7.1. Tokenizing Input</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#command-line-usage">31.7.2. Command-Line Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize.html#examples">31.7.3. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tabnanny.html">31.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tabnanny</span></tt> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html">31.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyclbr</span></tt> — Python class browser support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html#class-objects">31.9.1. Class Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr.html#function-objects">31.9.2. Function Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/py_compile.html">31.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">py_compile</span></tt> — Compile Python source files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html">31.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">compileall</span></tt> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html#command-line-use">31.11.1. Command-line use</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall.html#public-functions">31.11.2. Public functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html">31.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></tt> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis.html#python-bytecode-instructions">31.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html">31.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></tt> — Tools for pickle developers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#command-line-usage">31.13.1. Command line usage</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#command-line-options">31.13.1.1. Command line options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools.html#programmatic-interface">31.13.2. Programmatic Interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/misc.html">32. Miscellaneous Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html">32.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">formatter</span></tt> — Generic output formatting</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#the-formatter-interface">32.1.1. The Formatter Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#formatter-implementations">32.1.2. Formatter Implementations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#the-writer-interface">32.1.3. The Writer Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/formatter.html#writer-implementations">32.1.4. Writer Implementations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/windows.html">33. MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html">33.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">msilib</span></tt> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#database-objects">33.1.1. Database Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#view-objects">33.1.2. View Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#summary-information-objects">33.1.3. Summary Information Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#record-objects">33.1.4. Record Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#errors">33.1.5. Errors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#cab-objects">33.1.6. CAB Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#directory-objects">33.1.7. Directory Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#features">33.1.8. Features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#gui-classes">33.1.9. GUI classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib.html#precomputed-tables">33.1.10. Precomputed tables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html">33.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></tt> – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#file-operations">33.2.1. File Operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#console-i-o">33.2.2. Console I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt.html#other-functions">33.2.3. Other Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html">33.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">winreg</span></tt> – Windows registry access</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#constants">33.3.1. Constants</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#hkey-constants">33.3.1.1. HKEY_* Constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#access-rights">33.3.1.2. Access Rights</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#bit-specific">33.3.1.2.1. 64-bit Specific</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#value-types">33.3.1.3. Value Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg.html#registry-handle-objects">33.3.2. Registry Handle Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winsound.html">33.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">winsound</span></tt> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unix.html">34. Unix Specific Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html">34.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">posix</span></tt> — The most common POSIX system calls</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html#large-file-support">34.1.1. Large File Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix.html#notable-module-contents">34.1.2. Notable Module Contents</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pwd.html">34.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pwd</span></tt> — The password database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/spwd.html">34.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spwd</span></tt> — The shadow password database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/grp.html">34.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">grp</span></tt> — The group database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html">34.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">crypt</span></tt> — Function to check Unix passwords</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#hashing-methods">34.5.1. Hashing Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#module-attributes">34.5.2. Module Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#module-functions">34.5.3. Module Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt.html#examples">34.5.4. Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios.html">34.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">termios</span></tt> — POSIX style tty control</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios.html#example">34.6.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tty.html">34.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tty</span></tt> — Terminal control functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pty.html">34.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pty</span></tt> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pty.html#example">34.8.1. Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fcntl.html">34.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></tt> — The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl()</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ioctl()</span></tt> system calls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pipes.html">34.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pipes</span></tt> — Interface to shell pipelines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pipes.html#template-objects">34.10.1. Template Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html">34.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">resource</span></tt> — Resource usage information</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html#resource-limits">34.11.1. Resource Limits</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource.html#resource-usage">34.11.2. Resource Usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nis.html">34.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nis</span></tt> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html">34.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">syslog</span></tt> — Unix syslog library routines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html#examples">34.13.1. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog.html#simple-example">34.13.1.1. Simple example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html">35. Undocumented Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/undoc.html#platform-specific-modules">35.1. Platform specific modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index.html">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html">1. Extending Python with C or C++</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#a-simple-example">1.1. A Simple Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions">1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#back-to-the-example">1.3. Back to the Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function">1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#compilation-and-linkage">1.5. Compilation and Linkage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c">1.6. Calling Python Functions from C</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions">1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions">1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#building-arbitrary-values">1.9. Building Arbitrary Values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#reference-counts">1.10. Reference Counts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#reference-counting-in-python">1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#ownership-rules">1.10.2. Ownership Rules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#thin-ice">1.10.3. Thin Ice</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#null-pointers">1.10.4. NULL Pointers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c">1.11. Writing Extensions in C++</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module">1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html">2. Defining New Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#the-basics">2.1. The Basics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#adding-data-and-methods-to-the-basic-example">2.1.1. Adding data and methods to the Basic example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#providing-finer-control-over-data-attributes">2.1.2. Providing finer control over data attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">2.1.3. Supporting cyclic garbage collection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#subclassing-other-types">2.1.4. Subclassing other types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#type-methods">2.2. Type Methods</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#finalization-and-de-allocation">2.2.1. Finalization and De-allocation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#object-presentation">2.2.2. Object Presentation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#attribute-management">2.2.3. Attribute Management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#generic-attribute-management">2.2.3.1. Generic Attribute Management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#type-specific-attribute-management">2.2.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#object-comparison">2.2.4. Object Comparison</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#abstract-protocol-support">2.2.5. Abstract Protocol Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#weak-reference-support">2.2.6. Weak Reference Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes.html#more-suggestions">2.2.7. More Suggestions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html">3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building.html#distributing-your-extension-modules">3.1. Distributing your extension modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html">4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#a-cookbook-approach">4.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#differences-between-unix-and-windows">4.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows.html#using-dlls-in-practice">4.3. Using DLLs in Practice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html">5. Embedding Python in Another Application</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#very-high-level-embedding">5.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">5.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#pure-embedding">5.3. Pure Embedding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#extending-embedded-python">5.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#embedding-python-in-c">5.5. Embedding Python in C++</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding.html#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">5.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/index.html">Python/C API Reference Manual</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html">Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#include-files">Include Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#objects-types-and-reference-counts">Objects, Types and Reference Counts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#reference-counts">Reference Counts</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#reference-count-details">Reference Count Details</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#types">Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#embedding-python">Embedding Python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro.html#debugging-builds">Debugging Builds</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/veryhigh.html">The Very High Level Layer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/refcounting.html">Reference Counting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html">Exception Handling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#exception-objects">Exception Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#unicode-exception-objects">Unicode Exception Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions.html#standard-exceptions">Standard Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/utilities.html">Utilities</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html">Operating System Utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html#system-functions">System Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys.html#process-control">Process Control</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/import.html">Importing Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/marshal.html">Data marshalling support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html">Parsing arguments and building values</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#strings-and-buffers">Strings and buffers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#numbers">Numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#other-objects">Other objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#api-functions">API Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg.html#building-values">Building values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/conversion.html">String conversion and formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/reflection.html">Reflection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html">Codec registry and support functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html#codec-lookup-api">Codec lookup API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec.html#registry-api-for-unicode-encoding-error-handlers">Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/abstract.html">Abstract Objects Layer</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/object.html">Object Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/number.html">Number Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sequence.html">Sequence Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/mapping.html">Mapping Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iter.html">Iterator Protocol</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html">Buffer Protocol</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-structure">Buffer structure</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-request-types">Buffer request types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#request-independent-fields">request-independent fields</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#readonly-format">readonly, format</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#shape-strides-suboffsets">shape, strides, suboffsets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#contiguity-requests">contiguity requests</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#compound-requests">compound requests</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#complex-arrays">Complex arrays</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#numpy-style-shape-and-strides">NumPy-style: shape and strides</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#pil-style-shape-strides-and-suboffsets">PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsets</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer.html#buffer-related-functions">Buffer-related functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/objbuffer.html">Old Buffer Protocol</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html">Concrete Objects Layer</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#fundamental-objects">Fundamental Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/type.html">Type Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/none.html">The None Object</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#numeric-objects">Numeric Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/long.html">Integer Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bool.html">Boolean Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float.html">Floating Point Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html">Complex Number Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-c-structures">Complex Numbers as C Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex.html#complex-numbers-as-python-objects">Complex Numbers as Python Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#sequence-objects">Sequence Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytes.html">Bytes Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html">Byte Array Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#type-check-macros">Type check macros</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#direct-api-functions">Direct API functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray.html#macros">Macros</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html">Unicode Objects and Codecs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-objects">Unicode Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-type">Unicode Type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-character-properties">Unicode Character Properties</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#creating-and-accessing-unicode-strings">Creating and accessing Unicode strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#deprecated-py-unicode-apis">Deprecated Py_UNICODE APIs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#locale-encoding">Locale Encoding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#file-system-encoding">File System Encoding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#wchar-t-support">wchar_t Support</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#ucs4-support">UCS4 Support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#built-in-codecs">Built-in Codecs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#generic-codecs">Generic Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-8-codecs">UTF-8 Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-32-codecs">UTF-32 Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-16-codecs">UTF-16 Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#utf-7-codecs">UTF-7 Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#unicode-escape-codecs">Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#raw-unicode-escape-codecs">Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#latin-1-codecs">Latin-1 Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#ascii-codecs">ASCII Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#character-map-codecs">Character Map Codecs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#mbcs-codecs-for-windows">MBCS codecs for Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#methods-slots">Methods & Slots</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode.html#methods-and-slot-functions">Methods and Slot Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/tuple.html">Tuple Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/list.html">List Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#mapping-objects">Mapping Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/dict.html">Dictionary Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete.html#other-objects">Other Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/set.html">Set Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/function.html">Function Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method.html">Instance Method Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method.html#method-objects">Method Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/file.html">File Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html">Module Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module.html#initializing-c-modules">Initializing C modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iterator.html">Iterator Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/descriptor.html">Descriptor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/slice.html">Slice Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memoryview.html">MemoryView objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/weakref.html">Weak Reference Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/capsule.html">Capsules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/cell.html">Cell Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gen.html">Generator Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/datetime.html">DateTime Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/code.html">Code Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html">Initialization, Finalization, and Threads</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#initializing-and-finalizing-the-interpreter">Initializing and finalizing the interpreter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#process-wide-parameters">Process-wide parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#thread-state-and-the-global-interpreter-lock">Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#releasing-the-gil-from-extension-code">Releasing the GIL from extension code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#non-python-created-threads">Non-Python created threads</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#high-level-api">High-level API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#low-level-api">Low-level API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#sub-interpreter-support">Sub-interpreter support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#bugs-and-caveats">Bugs and caveats</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#asynchronous-notifications">Asynchronous Notifications</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#profiling-and-tracing">Profiling and Tracing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init.html#advanced-debugger-support">Advanced Debugger Support</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html">Memory Management</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#memory-interface">Memory Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/objimpl.html">Object Implementation Support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/allocation.html">Allocating Objects on the Heap</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures.html">Common Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html">Type Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#number-object-structures">Number Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#mapping-object-structures">Mapping Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#sequence-object-structures">Sequence Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj.html#buffer-object-structures">Buffer Object Structures</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gcsupport.html">Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable.html">Stable Appliction Binary Interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/index.html">Distributing Python Modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/introduction.html">1. An Introduction to Distutils</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/introduction.html#concepts-terminology">1.1. Concepts & Terminology</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/introduction.html#a-simple-example">1.2. A Simple Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/introduction.html#general-python-terminology">1.3. General Python terminology</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/introduction.html#distutils-specific-terminology">1.4. Distutils-specific terminology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html">2. Writing the Setup Script</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#listing-whole-packages">2.1. Listing whole packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#listing-individual-modules">2.2. Listing individual modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#describing-extension-modules">2.3. Describing extension modules</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#extension-names-and-packages">2.3.1. Extension names and packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#extension-source-files">2.3.2. Extension source files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#preprocessor-options">2.3.3. Preprocessor options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#library-options">2.3.4. Library options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#other-options">2.3.5. Other options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#relationships-between-distributions-and-packages">2.4. Relationships between Distributions and Packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#installing-scripts">2.5. Installing Scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#installing-package-data">2.6. Installing Package Data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#installing-additional-files">2.7. Installing Additional Files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#additional-meta-data">2.8. Additional meta-data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/setupscript.html#debugging-the-setup-script">2.9. Debugging the setup script</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/configfile.html">3. Writing the Setup Configuration File</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/sourcedist.html">4. Creating a Source Distribution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/sourcedist.html#specifying-the-files-to-distribute">4.1. Specifying the files to distribute</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/sourcedist.html#manifest-related-options">4.2. Manifest-related options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/builtdist.html">5. Creating Built Distributions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/builtdist.html#creating-rpm-packages">5.1. Creating RPM packages</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/builtdist.html#creating-windows-installers">5.2. Creating Windows Installers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/builtdist.html#cross-compiling-on-windows">5.3. Cross-compiling on Windows</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/builtdist.html#the-postinstallation-script">5.3.1. The Postinstallation script</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/builtdist.html#vista-user-access-control-uac">5.4. Vista User Access Control (UAC)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/packageindex.html">6. Registering with the Package Index</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/packageindex.html#the-pypirc-file">6.1. The .pypirc file</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/uploading.html">7. Uploading Packages to the Package Index</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/uploading.html#pypi-package-display">7.1. PyPI package display</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/examples.html">8. Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/examples.html#pure-python-distribution-by-module">8.1. Pure Python distribution (by module)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/examples.html#pure-python-distribution-by-package">8.2. Pure Python distribution (by package)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/examples.html#single-extension-module">8.3. Single extension module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/examples.html#checking-a-package">8.4. Checking a package</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/extending.html">9. Extending Distutils</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/extending.html#integrating-new-commands">9.1. Integrating new commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/extending.html#adding-new-distribution-types">9.2. Adding new distribution types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/commandref.html">10. Command Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/commandref.html#installing-modules-the-install-command-family">10.1. Installing modules: the <strong class="command">install</strong> command family</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/commandref.html#install-data">10.1.1. <strong class="command">install_data</strong></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/commandref.html#install-scripts">10.1.2. <strong class="command">install_scripts</strong></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/commandref.html#creating-a-source-distribution-the-sdist-command">10.2. Creating a source distribution: the <strong class="command">sdist</strong> command</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html">11. API Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.core">11.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.core</span></tt> — Core Distutils functionality</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.ccompiler">11.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.ccompiler</span></tt> — CCompiler base class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.unixccompiler">11.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.unixccompiler</span></tt> — Unix C Compiler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.msvccompiler">11.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.msvccompiler</span></tt> — Microsoft Compiler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.bcppcompiler">11.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.bcppcompiler</span></tt> — Borland Compiler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.cygwinccompiler">11.6. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.cygwincompiler</span></tt> — Cygwin Compiler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.emxccompiler">11.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.emxccompiler</span></tt> — OS/2 EMX Compiler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.archive_util">11.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.archive_util</span></tt> — Archiving utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.dep_util">11.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.dep_util</span></tt> — Dependency checking</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.dir_util">11.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.dir_util</span></tt> — Directory tree operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.file_util">11.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.file_util</span></tt> — Single file operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.util">11.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.util</span></tt> — Miscellaneous other utility functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.dist">11.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.dist</span></tt> — The Distribution class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.extension">11.14. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.extension</span></tt> — The Extension class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.debug">11.15. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.debug</span></tt> — Distutils debug mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.errors">11.16. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.errors</span></tt> — Distutils exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.fancy_getopt">11.17. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.fancy_getopt</span></tt> — Wrapper around the standard getopt module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.filelist">11.18. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.filelist</span></tt> — The FileList class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.log">11.19. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.log</span></tt> — Simple PEP 282-style logging</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.spawn">11.20. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.spawn</span></tt> — Spawn a sub-process</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.sysconfig">11.21. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.sysconfig</span></tt> — System configuration information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.text_file">11.22. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.text_file</span></tt> — The TextFile class</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.version">11.23. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.version</span></tt> — Version number classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.cmd">11.24. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.cmd</span></tt> — Abstract base class for Distutils commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#creating-a-new-distutils-command">11.25. Creating a new Distutils command</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command">11.26. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command</span></tt> — Individual Distutils commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist">11.27. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.bdist</span></tt> — Build a binary installer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist_packager">11.28. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.bdist_packager</span></tt> — Abstract base class for packagers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist_dumb">11.29. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.bdist_dumb</span></tt> — Build a “dumb” installer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist_msi">11.30. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.bdist_msi</span></tt> — Build a Microsoft Installer binary package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist_rpm">11.31. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.bdist_rpm</span></tt> — Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist_wininst">11.32. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.bdist_wininst</span></tt> — Build a Windows installer</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.sdist">11.33. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.sdist</span></tt> — Build a source distribution</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.build">11.34. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.build</span></tt> — Build all files of a package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.build_clib">11.35. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.build_clib</span></tt> — Build any C libraries in a package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.build_ext">11.36. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.build_ext</span></tt> — Build any extensions in a package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.build_py">11.37. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.build_py</span></tt> — Build the .py/.pyc files of a package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.build_scripts">11.38. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.build_scripts</span></tt> — Build the scripts of a package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.clean">11.39. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.clean</span></tt> — Clean a package build area</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.config">11.40. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.config</span></tt> — Perform package configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.install">11.41. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.install</span></tt> — Install a package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.install_data">11.42. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.install_data</span></tt> — Install data files from a package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.install_headers">11.43. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.install_headers</span></tt> — Install C/C++ header files from a package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.install_lib">11.44. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distutils.command.install_lib</span></tt> — Install library files from a package</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional.html#python-documentation">Python documentation</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html">Logging HOWTO</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#logging-levels">Logging Levels</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging.html#useful-handlers">Useful Handlers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html">Logging Cookbook</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#adding-contextual-information-to-your-logging-output">Adding contextual information to your logging output</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-loggeradapters-to-impart-contextual-information">Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-filters-to-impart-contextual-information">Using Filters to impart contextual information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#logging-to-a-single-file-from-multiple-processes">Logging to a single file from multiple processes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-file-rotation">Using file rotation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#use-of-alternative-formatting-styles">Use of alternative formatting styles</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#customising-logrecord">Customising <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">LogRecord</span></tt></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#subclassing-queuehandler-a-zeromq-example">Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#subclassing-queuelistener-a-zeromq-example">Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#an-example-dictionary-based-configuration">An example dictionary-based configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#using-a-rotator-and-namer-to-customise-log-rotation-processing">Using a rotator and namer to customise log rotation processing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#a-more-elaborate-multiprocessing-example">A more elaborate multiprocessing example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook.html#inserting-a-bom-into-messages-sent-to-a-sysloghandler">Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html">Regular Expression HOWTO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#simple-patterns">Simple Patterns</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#matching-characters">Matching Characters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#repeating-things">Repeating Things</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#using-regular-expressions">Using Regular Expressions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#compiling-regular-expressions">Compiling Regular Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#the-backslash-plague">The Backslash Plague</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#performing-matches">Performing Matches</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#module-level-functions">Module-Level Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#compilation-flags">Compilation Flags</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#more-pattern-power">More Pattern Power</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#more-metacharacters">More Metacharacters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#grouping">Grouping</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#non-capturing-and-named-groups">Non-capturing and Named Groups</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#lookahead-assertions">Lookahead Assertions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#modifying-strings">Modifying Strings</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#splitting-strings">Splitting Strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#search-and-replace">Search and Replace</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#common-problems">Common Problems</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#use-string-methods">Use String Methods</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#match-versus-search">match() versus search()</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#greedy-versus-non-greedy">Greedy versus Non-Greedy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#using-re-verbose">Using re.VERBOSE</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex.html#feedback">Feedback</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html">Socket Programming HOWTO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#sockets">Sockets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#history">History</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#creating-a-socket">Creating a Socket</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#ipc">IPC</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#using-a-socket">Using a Socket</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#binary-data">Binary Data</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#disconnecting">Disconnecting</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#when-sockets-die">When Sockets Die</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets.html#non-blocking-sockets">Non-blocking Sockets</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html">Sorting HOW TO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#sorting-basics">Sorting Basics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#key-functions">Key Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#operator-module-functions">Operator Module Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#ascending-and-descending">Ascending and Descending</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#sort-stability-and-complex-sorts">Sort Stability and Complex Sorts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#the-old-way-using-decorate-sort-undecorate">The Old Way Using Decorate-Sort-Undecorate</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#the-old-way-using-the-cmp-parameter">The Old Way Using the <em>cmp</em> Parameter</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting.html#odd-and-ends">Odd and Ends</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html">Unicode HOWTO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#introduction-to-unicode">Introduction to Unicode</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#history-of-character-codes">History of Character Codes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#definitions">Definitions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#encodings">Encodings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#python-s-unicode-support">Python’s Unicode Support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#the-string-type">The String Type</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#converting-to-bytes">Converting to Bytes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-literals-in-python-source-code">Unicode Literals in Python Source Code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-properties">Unicode Properties</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#id2">References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#reading-and-writing-unicode-data">Reading and Writing Unicode Data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#unicode-filenames">Unicode filenames</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#tips-for-writing-unicode-aware-programs">Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#id3">References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html">HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using The urllib Package</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#fetching-urls">Fetching URLs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#data">Data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#headers">Headers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#handling-exceptions">Handling Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#urlerror">URLError</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#httperror">HTTPError</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#error-codes">Error Codes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#wrapping-it-up">Wrapping it Up</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#number-1">Number 1</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#number-2">Number 2</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#info-and-geturl">info and geturl</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#openers-and-handlers">Openers and Handlers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#id6">Basic Authentication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#proxies">Proxies</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#sockets-and-layers">Sockets and Layers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2.html#footnotes">Footnotes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html">HOWTO Use Python in the web</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#the-low-level-view">The Low-Level View</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#common-gateway-interface">Common Gateway Interface</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#simple-script-for-testing-cgi">Simple script for testing CGI</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#setting-up-cgi-on-your-own-server">Setting up CGI on your own server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#common-problems-with-cgi-scripts">Common problems with CGI scripts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#mod-python">mod_python</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#fastcgi-and-scgi">FastCGI and SCGI</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#setting-up-fastcgi">Setting up FastCGI</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#mod-wsgi">mod_wsgi</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#step-back-wsgi">Step back: WSGI</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#wsgi-servers">WSGI Servers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#case-study-moinmoin">Case study: MoinMoin</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#model-view-controller">Model-View-Controller</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#ingredients-for-websites">Ingredients for Websites</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#templates">Templates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#data-persistence">Data persistence</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#frameworks">Frameworks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#some-notable-frameworks">Some notable frameworks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#django">Django</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#turbogears">TurboGears</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#zope">Zope</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/webservers.html#other-notable-frameworks">Other notable frameworks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html">Argparse Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#concepts">Concepts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#the-basics">The basics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#introducing-positional-arguments">Introducing Positional arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#introducing-optional-arguments">Introducing Optional arguments</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#short-options">Short options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#combining-positional-and-optional-arguments">Combining Positional and Optional arguments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#getting-a-little-more-advanced">Getting a little more advanced</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#conflicting-options">Conflicting options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse.html#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html">An Introduction to the ipaddress module</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#creating-address-network-interface-objects">Creating Address/Network/Interface objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#a-note-on-ip-versions">A Note on IP Versions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#ip-host-addresses">IP Host Addresses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#defining-networks">Defining Networks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#host-interfaces">Host Interfaces</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#inspecting-address-network-interface-objects">Inspecting Address/Network/Interface Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#networks-as-lists-of-addresses">Networks as lists of Addresses</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#using-ip-addresses-with-other-modules">Using IP Addresses with other modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress.html#getting-more-detail-when-instance-creation-fails">Getting more detail when instance creation fails</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/index.html">Python Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general.html">General Python FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general.html#general-information">General Information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general.html#python-in-the-real-world">Python in the real world</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html">Programming FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#general-questions">General Questions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#core-language">Core Language</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#numbers-and-strings">Numbers and strings</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#performance">Performance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#sequences-tuples-lists">Sequences (Tuples/Lists)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#dictionaries">Dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#objects">Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming.html#modules">Modules</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html">Design and History FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-does-python-use-indentation-for-grouping-of-statements">Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-am-i-getting-strange-results-with-simple-arithmetic-operations">Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-are-floating-point-calculations-so-inaccurate">Why are floating-point calculations so inaccurate?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-are-python-strings-immutable">Why are Python strings immutable?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-must-self-be-used-explicitly-in-method-definitions-and-calls">Why must ‘self’ be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-can-t-i-use-an-assignment-in-an-expression">Why can’t I use an assignment in an expression?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-does-python-use-methods-for-some-functionality-e-g-list-index-but-functions-for-other-e-g-len-list">Why does Python use methods for some functionality (e.g. list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. len(list))?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-is-join-a-string-method-instead-of-a-list-or-tuple-method">Why is join() a string method instead of a list or tuple method?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#how-fast-are-exceptions">How fast are exceptions?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-isn-t-there-a-switch-or-case-statement-in-python">Why isn’t there a switch or case statement in Python?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#can-t-you-emulate-threads-in-the-interpreter-instead-of-relying-on-an-os-specific-thread-implementation">Can’t you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of relying on an OS-specific thread implementation?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#why-can-t-lambda-forms-contain-statements">Why can’t lambda forms contain statements?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design.html#can-python-be-compiled-to-machine-code-c-or-some-other-language">Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?</a></li>
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