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<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Beginners' Guide to Fldigi</h1>
<div id="toc">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sidebarblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Of necessity, this Beginners' Guide contains only as much as you need to know to
get started. You should learn how to make best use of the program by reading the
<a href="http://www.w1hkj.com/FldigiHelp/index.html">Online Documentation</a>. You can also access it from within the Fldigi program from the <em>Help</em>
menu item.</p></div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="ref-beginners-q-a">Beginners' Questions Answered</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_what_is_fldigi">What is Fldigi?</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="http://www.w1hkj.com/Fldigi.html">Fldigi</a> is a computer program intended for Amateur Radio Digital Modes
operation using a PC (Personal Computer). Fldigi operates (as does most similar
software) in conjunction with a conventional HF SSB radio transceiver, and uses
the PC sound card as the main means of input from the radio, and output to the
radio. These are audio-frequency signals. The software also controls the radio
by means of another connection, typically a serial port.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Fldigi is multi-mode, which means that it is able to operate many popular
digital modes without switching programs, so you only have one program to
learn. Fldigi includes all the popular modes, such as DominoEX, MFSK16, PSK31,
and RTTY.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Unusually, Fldigi is available for multiple computer operating systems;
FreeBSD™; Linux™, OS X™ and Windows™.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_what_is_a_digital_mode">What is a Digital Mode?</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Digital Modes are a means of operating Amateur radio from the computer
keyboard. The computer acts as <em>modem</em> (modulator - demodulator), as well as
allowing you to type, and see what the other person types. It also controls the
transmitter, changes modes as required, and provides various convenient features
such as easy tuning of signals and prearranged messages.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In this context, we are talking about modes used on the HF (high frequency)
bands, specifically <em>chat</em> modes, those used to have a regular conversation in a
similar way to voice or Morse, where one operator <em>talks</em> for a minute or two,
then another does the same. These chat modes allow multiple operators to take
part in a <em>net</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Because of sophisticated digital signal processing which takes place inside the
computer, digital modes can offer performance that cannot be achieved using
voice (and in some cases even Morse), through reduced bandwidth, improved
signal-to-noise performance and reduced transmitter power requirement. Some
modes also offer built-in automatic error correction.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Digital Mode operating procedure is not unlike Morse operation, and many of the
same abbreviations are used. Software such as Fldigi makes this very simple as
most of the procedural business is set up for you using the Function Keys at the
top of the keyboard. These are easy to learn.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_why_all_the_different_modes">Why all the different modes?</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>HF propagation is very dependent on the ionosphere, which reflects the signals
back to earth. There are strong interactions between different signals arriving
from different paths. Experience has shown that particular modulation systems,
speeds and bandwidths suit different operating conditions.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Other factors such as available band space, operating speed and convenience,
noise level, signal level and available power also affect the choice of
mode. While in many cases several different modes might be suitable, having a
choice adds to the operating pleasure. It is difficult to advise which mode is
best for each particular occasion, and experience plays an important role.
<span class="footnote"><br />[To gain a good insight into each mode and its capabilities, you might
consider purchasing <em>Digital Modes for All Occasions</em> (ISBN 1-872309-82-8) by
Murray Greenman ZL1BPU, published by the RSGB and also available from
FUNKAMATEUR and CQ Communications; or the ARRL’s <em>HF Digital Handbook</em> (ISBN
0-87259-103-4) by Steve Ford, WB8IMY.]<br /></span></p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_how_do_i_recognise_and_tune_in_the_signals">How do I recognise and tune in the signals?</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Recognising the different modes comes with experience. It is a matter of
listening to the signal, and observing the appearance of the signal on the
tuning display. You can also practise transmitting with the transceiver
disconnected, listening to the sound of the signals coming from the
computer. There is also (see later paragraph) an automatic tuning option which
can recognise and tune in most modes for you.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The software provides a tuning display which shows the radio signals that are
receivable within the transceiver passband. Using a <em>point and click</em> technique
with the mouse, you can click on the centre of a signal to select it, and the
software will tune it in for you. Some modes require more care than others, and
of course you need to have the software set for the correct mode first — not
always so easy!</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="#ref-rsid">RSID</a> (automatic mode detection and tuning) feature uses a
special sequence of tones transmitted at the beginning of each transmission to
identify and tune in the signals received. For this feature to work, not only do
you need to enable the feature in the receiver, but in addition the stations you
are wishing to tune in need to have this feature enabled on transmission. Other
programs also offer this RSID feature as an option.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="ref-setting-up">Setting Up</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_fldigi_settings">Fldigi settings</h3>
<div class="ulist"><div class="title">Essentials</div><ul>
<li>
<p>
Use the menu <tt>Configure→Operator</tt> item to set the operator name, callsign,
locator and so on.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you have more than one sound card, use the menu <tt>Configure→Sound Card</tt>,
<tt>Audio Devices</tt> tab, to select the sound card you wish to use. You can ignore
the other tabs for now.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="ulist"><div class="title">Rig Control</div><ul>
<li>
<p>
Use the menu <tt>Configure→Rig Control</tt> item to set how you will control the
rig. If you will key the rig via a serial port, in the <tt>Hardware PTT</tt> tab
select <em>Use serial port PTT</em>, the device name you will use, and which line
controls PTT. If in doubt, check both <em>RTS</em> and <em>DTR</em>. You <strong>must</strong> then press
the <tt>Initialize</tt> button.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If you plan to use CAT control of the rig via the COM port, check <em>Use Hamlib</em>
in the <tt>Hamlib</tt> tab. Select your rig model from the drop-down menu and set the
serial port device name, baud rate, and RTS/CTS options as needed. If in
addition you wish to use PTT control via CAT, also check <em>PTT via Hamlib
command</em>. You <strong>must</strong> then press the <tt>Initialize</tt> button.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
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</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>If your rig is CAT-capable but not yet supported by
<a href="http://www.hamlib.org/">Hamlib</a>, it may still be possible to control it via
Fldigi’s <tt>RigCAT</tt> system. Refer to the <a href="http://www.w1hkj.com/FldigiHelp/index.html">Online Documentation</a> for details.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="ulist"><div class="title">CPU Speed</div><ul>
<li>
<p>
When you start Fldigi for the very first time, it makes a series of
measurements to determine your computer’s processing speed. Although these
measurements are usually accurate, if you have a very slow processor (under
700MHz), you should verify that <em>Slow CPU</em> under <tt>Configure→Misc→CPU</tt> has
been enabled. The receiver decoding strategy of certain modems uses fewer
processor cycles in this mode.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="ulist"><div class="title">Modems</div><ul>
<li>
<p>
Each of the modems can be individually set up from the <tt>Configure→Modems</tt>
multi-tabbed dialog. You need not change anything here to start with, although
it might be a good idea to set the <em>secondary text</em> for DominoEX and THOR to
something useful, such as your call and locator. <span class="footnote"><br />[Secondary text is
transmitted when the text you type does not keep up with the typing speed of
the mode — this handy text appears in a small window at the very bottom of the
screen.]<br /></span> Note that this set of tabs is also where you set the RTTY modem speed
and shift, although the default values should be fine for normal operation.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="ulist"><div class="title">Other settings</div><ul>
<li>
<p>
Use the menu <tt>Configure→UI</tt>, <tt>Restart</tt> tab, to set the aspect ratio of the
waterfall display and whether or not you want to dock a second digiscope to
the main window.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Use the menu <tt>Configure→IDs</tt> item to set whether you wish to transmit RSID
data at the start of each over (this is for the benefit of others and does not
affect RSID reception). If you plan to regularly use the RSID feature on
receive, you should deselect the option that starts new modems at the “sweet
spot” frequencies in <tt>Misc→Sweet Spot</tt>.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, use the menu item <tt>Configure→Save Config</tt> to save the new
configuration.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_sound_card_mixer">Sound Card Mixer</h3>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Use your sound card <em>Master Volume</em> applet to select the sound card, the Wave
output and set the transmit audio level. You can check the level using the
<a href="#ref-tune">Tune</a> button, top right, beyond the Menu.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
On Windows, the <em>Volume</em> applet can usually be opened by clicking
<tt>Start→Run…</tt> and entering <tt>sndvol32</tt>, or from the Control Panel.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Use your sound card <em>Recording Control</em> applet to select the sound card, the
Line or Mic input and set the receiver audio level. Watch the waterfall
display for receiver noise when setting the level. If you see any dark blue
noise, you have the right input and about the right level. The actual setting
is not very important, provided you see blue noise. If the audio level is too
high, the little diamond shaped indicator (bottom right) will show red. The
waterfall may also show red bands. Performance will be degraded if the level
is too high.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
On Windows, the <em>Record</em> applet can usually be opened by clicking
<tt>Start→Run…</tt> and entering <tt>sndvol32</tt>, or from the Control Panel. If opened
from the Control Panel, you’ll end up with the Master Volume applet, and need
to switch using <tt>Options→Properties</tt>, and selecting the <tt>Recording</tt> radio
button.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="ref-guided-tour">Guided Tour</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The main window consists of three main panes. Study it carefully as you read
these notes. From top to bottom, these are the Receive pane (navajo white), the
Transmit pane (light cyan), and the Waterfall pane (black). At the top is the
collection of entry items which form the Log Data, and at the very top, a
conventional drop-down Menu system, with entries for File, Op Mode, Configure,
View and Help.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Between the Transmit and the Waterfall panes is a line of boxes (buttons) which
represent the Function Keys F1 - F12. This is the Macro group. Below the
Waterfall pane is another line of boxes (buttons), which provide various control
features. This is the Controls group. The program and various buttons can mostly
be operated using the mouse or the keyboard, and users generally find it
convenient to use the mouse while tuning around, and the keyboard and function
keys during a QSO.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="ref-receive-pane">Receive Pane</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is where the text from decoded incoming signals is displayed, in black
text. When you transmit, the transmitted text is also displayed here, but in red,
so the Receive pane becomes a complete record of the QSO. The information in
this pane can also be logged to a file.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The line at the bottom of this pane can be dragged up and down with the
mouse. You might prefer to drag it down a bit to enlarge the Receive pane and
reduce the size of the Transmit pane.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_transmit_pane">Transmit Pane</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is where you type what you want to transmit. The mouse must click in here
before you type (to obtain <em>focus</em>) otherwise your text will go nowhere. You can
type in here while you are receiving, and when you start transmitting, the text
already typed will be sent first. This trick is a cool way to impress others
with your typing speed! As the text is transmitted, the text colour changes from
black to red. At the end of the over, all the transmitted text (and any as yet
not transmitted) will be deleted.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_waterfall_pane">Waterfall Pane</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is the main tuning facility. There are three modes, Waterfall, FFT and
Signal, selected by a button in the Control group. For now, leave it in
Waterfall mode, as this is the easiest to tune with, and gives the best
identification of the signal.</p></div>
<div class="hdlist"><table>
<tr>
<td class="hdlist1">
<strong><tt>WF</tt></strong> (Waterfall)
<br />
</td>
<td class="hdlist2">
<p style="margin-top: 0;">
A spectrogram display of signal strength versus frequency over passing
time. The receiver passband is analysed and displayed with lower frequencies
to the left, higher to the right. Weak signals and background noise are dark
while stronger signals show as brighter colours. As time passes (over a few
seconds), the historic signals move downwards like a waterfall.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="hdlist1">
<strong><tt>FFT</tt></strong> (Fast Fourier Transform)
<br />
</td>
<td class="hdlist2">
<p style="margin-top: 0;">
A spectrum display of the mean signal strength versus frequency. Again
frequency is displayed from left to right, but now the vertical direction
shows signal strength and there is no brightness or historic information.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="hdlist1">
<strong><tt>SIG</tt></strong> (Signal)
<br />
</td>
<td class="hdlist2">
<p style="margin-top: 0;">
An oscilloscope type of display showing the raw audio being captured by the
sound card.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At the top of the pane is a scale of frequency in Hz, which corresponds to the
frequency displayed immediately below it. This scale can be moved around and
zoomed using buttons in the Control group.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>As you move the mouse around in this pane you will see a yellow group of tuning
marks following the mouse pointer. Tuning is achieved by left-clicking on a
signal displayed by the waterfall in this pane. Use these yellow marks to
exactly straddle the signal and then left-click on the centre of the signal. The
tuning marks change to red. The red vertical lines will show the approximate
width of the active signal area (the expected signal bandwidth), while a red
horizontal bar above will indicate the receiver software’s active decoding
range. When you left-click, the red marks move to where you clicked, and will
attempt to auto-track the signal from there.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
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</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">Audio history and “casual tuning”</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can temporarily “monitor” a different signal by right-clicking on it. As
long as you hold the mouse button down, the signal under it will be decoded; as
soon as you release the mouse, decoding will revert to the previously tuned spot
(where the red marks are). If you also hold the <tt>Control</tt> key down before
right-clicking, Fldigi will first decode all of its buffered audio at that
frequency.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_log_data">Log Data</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Fldigi provides two QSO entry views, one for casual QSO logging and the second
for contesting. The <tt>View→Contest fields</tt> menu item switches between the two
modes.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>Frequency</em>, <em>Time Off</em>, and (when in contest mode) <em>#Out</em> fields are filled
by the program. All the others can be populated by manual keyboard entry or by
selection from the <a href="#ref-receive-pane">Receive pane</a>. The <em>Time Off</em> field is
continuously updated with the current GMT time. The <em>Time On</em> field will be
filled in when the <em>Call</em> is updated, but can be modified later by the operator.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A right click on the Receive pane brings up a context sensitive menu that will
reflect which of the two QSO capture views you have open. If you highlight text
in the Receive pane then the menu selection will operate on that text. If you
simply point to a word of text and right click then the menu selection will
operate on the single word.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img alt="Tip" src="data:image/png;base64,
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</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">Quick log entry</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Certain fields (<em>Call</em>, <em>Name</em>, <em>RST In</em>, <em>QTH</em> and <em>Locator</em>) may also be
populated semi-automatically. Point to a word in the Receive pane and either
double-left-click or hold a Shift key down and left-click. The program will
then use some simple heuristics to decide which log field will receive the text.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is generally not possible to distinguish between Operator and QTH names. For
this reason, Fldigi will use the first non-Call and non-Locator word to fill the
<em>Name</em> field, and subsequent clicks will send text to the <em>QTH</em> field.
Likewise, a text string may be both a valid callsign and a valid
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenhead_Locator_System">IARU (Maidenhead) locator</a>.
For best results, you should attempt to fill the log fields in the order in
which they appear on the main window, and clear the log fields after logging the
QSO. Of course, text can always be manually typed or pasted into any of the log
fields!</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can query online and local (e.g. CD) database systems for data regarding a
callsign. You make the query by either clicking on the globe button, or
selecting <em>Look up call</em> from the popup menu. The latter will also move the
call to the <em>Call</em> field.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When the <em>Call</em> field is filled in, the logbook will be searched for the most
recent QSO with that station and, if an entry is found, the <em>Name</em>, <em>QTH</em> and
other fields will be pre-filled. If the logbook dialog is open, that last QSO
will also be selected for viewing in the logbook.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You open the logbook by selecting from the View menu; <tt>View→Logbook</tt>. The
logbook title bar will show you which logbook you currently have open. Fldigi
can maintain an unlimited (except for disk space) number of logbooks.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_menu">Menu</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At the very top of the program window is a conventional drop-down menu. If you
click on any of the items, a list of optional functions will appear. Keyboard
menu selection is also provided. Where underscored characters are shown in the
menu, you can select these menu items from the keyboard using the marked
character and <tt>Alt</tt> at the same time, then moving around with the
<tt>up</tt>/<tt>down</tt>/<tt>left</tt>/<tt>right</tt> keys. Press <tt>Esc</tt> to quit from the menu with no
change.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_menu_functions">Menu functions</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">File</div><p>Allows you to open or save Macros (we won’t get into that here), turn on/off
logging to file, record/play audio samples, and exit the program. You can also
exit the program by clicking on the <tt>X</tt> in the top right corner of the window,
in the usual manner.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Op Mode</div><p>This is where you select the operating modem used for transmission and
reception. Some modes only have one option. Where more are offered, drag the
mouse down the list and sideways following the arrow to a secondary list, before
releasing it. When you start the program next time, it will remember the last
mode you used.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Not all the modes are widely used, so choose a mode which <em>(a)</em> maximises your
chance of a QSO, and <em>(b)</em> is appropriate for the band, conditions, bandwidth
requirements and permissions relevant to your operating licence.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At the bottom of the list are two “modes” which aren’t modes at all, and do not
transmit (see <a href="http://www.w1hkj.com/FldigiHelp/index.html">Online Documentation</a> for details). <em>WWV</em> mode allows you to receive a
standard time signal so the beeps it transmits can be used for sound card
calibration. <em>Freq Analysis</em> provides just a waterfall display with a very
narrow cursor, and a frequency meter which indicates the received frequency in
Hz to two decimal places. This is useful for on-air frequency measurement.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Configure</div><p>This is where you set up the program to suit your computer, yourself and your
operating preferences. The operating settings of the program are grouped into
several categories and there are menu items in which you enter your personal
information, or define your computer sound card, for example. Modems can be
individually changed, each having different adjustments. The Modems dialog has
multiple tabs, so you can edit any one of them. Don’t fool with the settings
until you know what you are doing! The final item, <tt>Save Config</tt> allows you to
save the altered configuration for next time you start the program (otherwise
changes are temporary).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">View</div><p>This menu item allows you to open extra windows. Most will be greyed out, but
two that are available are the Digiscope, and the PSK Browser. The Digiscope
provides a mode-specific graphical analysis of the received signal, and can have
more than one view (left click in the new window to change the view), or maybe
none at all. The PSK Browser is a rather cool tool that allows you to monitor
several PSK31 signals all at the same time! These windows can be resized to
suit.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Help</div><p>Brings up the Online Documentation, the Fldigi Home Page, and various
information about the program.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_other_controls">Other controls</h4>
<div class="paragraph" id="ref-rsid"><div class="title">RSID</div><p>The RxID button turns on the receive RSID (automatic mode detection and tuning)
feature. When in use, the button turns yellow and no text reception is possible
until a signal is identified, or the feature is turned off again. If you plan to
use the RSID feature on receive, you must leave the <em>Start New Modem at Sweet
Spot</em> item in the menu <tt>Configure→Defaults→Misc</tt> tab unchecked.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph" id="ref-tune"><div class="title">TUNE</div><p>This button transmits a continuous tone at the current audio frequency. The tone
level will be at the maximum signal level for any modem, which makes this
function useful for adjusting your transceiver’s output power.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_macro_buttons">Macro buttons</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This line of buttons provides user-editable QSO features. For example, the first
button on the left sends CQ for you. Both the function of these buttons (we call
them Macros) and the label on each button, can be changed.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Select each button to use it by pressing the corresponding Function Key (F1 -
F12, you’ll notice the buttons are grouped in patterns four to a group, just as
the Function Keys are). You can also select them with a left-click of the
mouse. If you right-click on the button, you are able to edit the button’s label
and its function. A handy dialog pops up to allow this to be done. There are
many standard shortcuts, such as <tt><MYCALL></tt>, which you can use within the
Macros. Notice that the buttons also turn the transmitter on and off as
necessary.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can just about hold a complete QSO using these buttons from left to right
(but please don’t!). Notice that at the right are two spare buttons you can set
as you wish, and then a button labelled <tt>1</tt>. Yes, this is the first set of
<em>four</em> sets of Macros, and you can access the others using this button, which
changes to read <tt>2</tt>, <tt>3</tt>, <tt>4</tt> then <tt>1</tt> again (right-click to go backwards), or
by pressing <tt>Alt</tt> and the corresponding number (1-4, not F1-F4) at the same
time.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img alt="Note" src="data:image/png;base64,
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</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you <em>really</em> mess up the Macros and can’t see how to fix them, just close the
program without saving them, and reopen it.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_controls">Controls</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The line of buttons under the waterfall is used to control the program (as
opposed to the QSO). If you hover the mouse over these buttons, you’ll see a
little yellow hint box appear which tells you what each button does.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The first button switches between Waterfall, FFT and Scope modes. The next two
buttons adjust the signal level over which the waterfall works. The default
range is from 0dB downwards 70dB (i.e. to -70dB). Both of these values can be
adjusted to suit your sound card and receiver audio level.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The next button sets the scale zoom factor (visible display width, ×1, ×2 or
×4), and the next three buttons move the visible waterfall area in relation to
the bandwidth cursor.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The next button selects the waterfall speed. NORM or SLOW setting is best unless
you have a very fast computer.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The next four buttons (two on either side of a number, the audio frequency in
Hz) control the receiving frequency (they move the red cursor lines).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <tt>QSY</tt> button moves the signal under the bandwidth cursor to a preset audio
frequency (typically, the centre of the transceiver’s passband). The Store
button allows you to store or recall the current frequency and mode. See the
<a href="http://www.w1hkj.com/FldigiHelp/index.html">Online Documentation</a> for details on these functions.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <tt>Lk</tt> button locks the transmit frequency (and illuminates a green marker), and the
<tt>Rv</tt> button turns the signal decoding upside down (some modes are sideband
sensitive, and if they are the wrong way up, can’t be received
correctly). Remember to turn this one off when you’re done, or you won’t receive
anything! If every signal you hear is upside down, check your transceiver
sideband setting.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <tt>T/R</tt> button forces the transmitter on or off.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img alt="Caution" src="data:image/png;base64,
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADAAAAAwCAYAAABXAvmHAAAKdUlEQVRoge1Ze1AV1x3+zt279wEi
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VFZW9tucbkugoqKCVq1aZQO/YslUVJU+D9bVBIDroLgK4hygEDweybYGY8AD6d8yftfASL+j+2O8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==" />
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use the <tt>T/R</tt> button with care, as it will stop transmission immediately, losing
whatever is in the buffer (what you have typed in the Transmit pane), or start
it immediately, even if nothing is ready to transmit.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are two further controls in the bottom right corner of the program, to the
right of the Status line:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<tt>AFC</tt> (AFC) control
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When this button is pressed, an indicator on the button turns yellow, and the
program will automatically retune to drifting signals. When the button is
again pressed, AFC is off, and the tuning will stay where you leave it.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<tt>SQL</tt> (Squelch) control
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When off (no coloured indicator on the button), the receiver displays all
“text” received, even if there is no signal present, and the receiver is
simply attempting to decode noise. When activated by pressing the button, the
indicator turns yellow. If the incoming signal strength exceeds that set by
the adjacent slider control (above the <tt>SQL</tt> button), the indicator turns
green and the incoming signal is decoded and printed. The signal strength is
indicated on the green bar beside the Squelch level slider. If nothing seems
to be printing, the first thing to do is check the Squelch!
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_status_line">Status Line</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At the very bottom line of the Fldigi window is a row of useful information. At
the left is the current operating mode. Next (some modes) is the measured
signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver, and (in some modes) the measured signal
intermodulation level (IMD).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The larger central box shows (in DominoEX and THOR modes) the received
<em>Secondary Text</em>. This is information (such as station identification) which is
transmitted automatically whenever the transmitter has completed all user text
that is available to send. It is transmitted using special characters, and is
automatically directed to this special window. Secondary text you transmit is
also shown here. This box changes size when you enlarge the program window.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="ref-operating">Operating</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_procedure">Procedure</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Operating procedure for digital modes is similar to that for Morse. Some of the
same abbreviations are used. For example, at the beginning of an over, you might
send <tt>VK3XYZ de WB8ABC</tt> or just <tt>RR Jack</tt> and so on. At the end of an over, it
is usual to send <tt>ZL1ABC de AA3AR K</tt>, and at the end of a QSO <tt>73 F3XYZ de 3D2ZZ
SK</tt>. When operating in a group or net it is usual to sign <tt>AA3AE es gp de ZK8WW
K</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is also considered a courtesy to send a blank line or two (press <tt>Enter</tt>)
before any text at the start of an over, and following the last text at the end
of an over. You can also place these in the macros. The purpose is to separate
your text from the previous text, and especially from any rubbish that was
printed between overs.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Fldigi does all of this for you. The Function Keys are set up to provide these
start and end of over facilities, and can be edited to suit your preferences. In
order that the other station’s callsign can appear when these keys are used, you
need to set the other station’s callsign in the log data — it does not matter if
you use the log facility or not.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img alt="Note" src="data:image/png;base64,
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADAAAAAwCAYAAABXAvmHAAAJhUlEQVRoge2ZWWycVxXHf+fce7/v
m/GaGCde4pI0aQlJC0kRtE1L00JbLIjY4QkeUB9YHhAIJFCExAsKUkE8IAFFPIDUIqhBRSDRBUqC
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BcDLLf/fAEZGRmx4eNh6enqsp6fHhoeHbWRk5D9aFeSlVqHNmzfb6H33sHnT7ZQmD5GfOMax6Sm+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" />
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">Macro symbols</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Some Function Key Macro buttons have graphic symbols on them which imply
the following:</p></div>
<div class="hdlist"><table>
<tr>
<td class="hdlist1">
<strong><tt>>></tt></strong>
<br />
</td>
<td class="hdlist2">
<p style="margin-top: 0;">
The transmitter comes on and stays on when you use this button/macro.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="hdlist1">
<strong><tt>||</tt></strong>
<br />
</td>
<td class="hdlist2">
<p style="margin-top: 0;">
The transmitter goes off when the text from this button/macro has been
sent.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="hdlist1">
<strong><tt>>|</tt></strong>
<br />
</td>
<td class="hdlist2">
<p style="margin-top: 0;">
The transmitter comes on, sends the text from this button/macro, and
goes off when the text from this button/macro has been sent.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Macros are set up to control the transmitter as necessary, but you can also
switch the transmitter on at the start of an over with <tt>Ctrl</tt> and <tt>T</tt> or the TX
macro button, and off again with <tt>Ctrl</tt> and <tt>R</tt> or the RX macro button. If you
have Macros copied into or text already typed in the Transmit pane when you
start the transmitter, this is sent first.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Calling another station you have tuned in is as simple as pushing a button. Put
his callsign into the log data (right click, select Call) and press the <tt>ANS</tt>
Macro button (or F2) when you are ready. If he replies, you are in business!
Then press <tt>QSO</tt> (F3) to start each over, and <tt>BTU</tt> (F4) to end it, and <tt>SK</tt>
(F5) to sign off.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img alt="Note" src="data:image/png;base64,
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADAAAAAwCAYAAABXAvmHAAAJhUlEQVRoge2ZWWycVxXHf+fce7/v
m/GaGCde4pI0aQlJC0kRtE1L00JbLIjY4QkeUB9YHhAIJFCExAsKUkE8IAFFPIDUIqhBRSDRBUqC
CimFFBCBpCWx02IaZ3G2SdyxPZ7vHh6+mcnSZnFjKIge6Wj8zYzvPf9z/me5d8TM+F8WfbkNuFx5
BcDLLf/fAEZGRmx4eNh6enqsp6fHhoeHbWRk5D9aFeSlVqHNmzfb6H33sHnT7ZQmD5GfOMax6Sm+
Pl5h1Yc+xpYtW2SBbX1ReUkRGBkZsdH77mHLW95EOv4Ms3ueJh6YYPHUFF9aljJ63z3cf//9/5FI
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</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>When typing text, the correct use of upper and lower case is important:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Modes such as RTTY and THROB have no lower case capability.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
In most other modes, excessive use of upper case is considered impolite, like
SHOUTING!
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Modes such as PSK31, MFSK16, DominoEX and THOR use character sets which are
optimised for lower case. You should use lower case as much as possible in
these modes to achieve maximum text speed. In these modes upper case
characters are noticeably slower to send and also slightly more prone to
errors.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_adjustment">Adjustment</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Most digital modes do not require much transmitter power, as the receiver
software is very sensitive. Many modes (PSK31, THROB, MT63) also require very
high transmitter linearity, which is another reason to keep transmitter power
below 30% of maximum. Some modes (Hellschreiber, Morse) have high peak power
output, which may not indicate well on the conventional power meter, another
reason to keep the average transmitted power low to prevent a very broad signal
being transmitted.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Adjust the transmitter output power using the TUNE button, top right, beyond the
Menu. The output will be the same as the peak power in other modes. Adjust the
master Volume applet Wave Out and Master Volume controls to achieve the
appropriate power. Use of excessive drive will result in distortion (signal
difficult to tune in, and often poorer reception) and a very broad signal.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Some multi-carrier modes (MT63 for example) may require individual adjustment as
the average power may be rather low.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img alt="Tip" src="data:image/png;base64,
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</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Where possible, use the area above 1200Hz on the waterfall.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Below 1200Hz the second harmonic of the transmitted audio will pass through
the transmitter filters.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
When using lower frequency tones, adjust the transmitter and audio level with
great care, as the second (and even third) harmonic will appear in the
transmitter passband, causing excessive signal width.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
A narrow (CW) filter in the rig is no help in this regard, as it is only used
on receive. When you do use a narrow filter, this will restrict the area over
which the receiver and transmitter will operate (without retuning of
course). Try adjusting the passband tuning (if available).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Keep the sound card audio level to a minimum and set the transmitter gain to a
similar level used for SSB.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_waterfall_tuning">Waterfall Tuning</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When using this program, as with most other digital modes programs, tuning is
generally accomplished by leaving the transceiver VFO at a popular spot (for
example 14.070MHz, USB), and performing all the <em>tuning</em> by moving around within
the software.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Fldigi software has a second “VFO” which is tuned by clicking on the
waterfall. On a busy band, you may see many signals at the same time (especially
with PSK31 or Morse), and so you can click with the mouse on any one of these
signals to tune it in, receive it, and if the opportunity allows, reply to the
station.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The software “VFO” operates in a transceive mode, so the transmitter signal is
automatically and exactly tuned to the received frequency. If you click
correctly on the signal, your reply will always be in tune with the other
station.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img alt="Important" src="data:image/png;base64,
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</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>You <strong>must not</strong> use RIT (Clarifier) when using digital modes.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
With RIT on, you will probably have to retune after every over.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Use of the RIT will also cause the other station to change frequency, and you
will chase each other across the band.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Older transceivers without digital synthesis may have an unwanted offset
(frequency difference) between transmit and receive frequencies. Such rigs
should not be used for digital modes.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Wider digital modes (MT63, Olivia) can be tuned using the rig if necessary, as
tuning is not at all critical. The software tuning still operates, but because
the signal is so wide, there is limited ability to move around in the waterfall
tuning.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="ref-special-keys">Special Keys</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Several special keyboard controls are provided to make operating easier.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Start Transmission</div><p>Press <tt>Ctrl</tt> and <tt>T</tt> to start transmission if there is text ready in the transmit
buffer.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Pause Transmission</div><p>Press <tt>Pause</tt> or <tt>Break</tt> while in receive, and the program will switch to
transmit mode. It will continue with the text in the transmit buffer (the
Transmit pane text) from the current point, i.e. where the red (previously sent)
text ends and the black (yet to be sent) text begins. If the buffer only
contains unsent text, then it will begin at the first character in the
buffer. If the buffer is empty, the program will switch to transmit mode, and
depending on the mode of operation, will send idle characters or nothing at all
until characters are entered into the buffer.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you press <tt>Pause</tt> or <tt>Break</tt> while in transmit mode, the program will return
to receive mode. There may be a slight delay for some modes like MFSK, PSK and
others, that requires the transmitter to send a postamble at the end of a
transmission. The transmit text buffer stays intact, ready for the
<tt>Pause</tt>/<tt>Break</tt> key to return you to the transmit mode .</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Pressing <tt>Alt</tt> or <tt>Meta</tt> and <tt>R</tt> has the same effect as <tt>Pause</tt>/<tt>Break</tt>. You
could think of the <tt>Pause</tt>/<tt>Break</tt> key as a software break-in capability.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Escape</div><p>Pressing <tt>Esc</tt> while transmitting will abort the transmission. Transmission
stops as soon as possible, (any necessary postamble is sent), and the program
returns to receive. Any unsent text in the transmit buffer will be lost.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<img alt="Tip" src="data:image/png;base64,
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</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you press <tt>Esc Esc</tt> (i.e. twice in quick succession), transmission stops
immediately, without sending any postamble, and the program returns to
receive. Any unsent text in the transmit buffer will be lost. Use this feature
as an <strong>emergency stop</strong>.</p></div>
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Return to Receive</div><p>Press <tt>Ctrl</tt> and <tt>R</tt> to insert the <tt>^r</tt> command in the transmit buffer at the
current typing point. When transmission reaches this point, transmission will
stop.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Move Typing Cursor</div><p>Press <tt>Tab</tt> to move the cursor (typing insertion point) to the end of the
transmit buffer. This will also pause transmission. A <tt>Tab</tt> press at that
position moves the cursor back to the character following the last one
transmitted. Morse operation is slightly different. See the <a href="http://www.w1hkj.com/FldigiHelp/index.html">Online Documentation</a> for CW.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Send Any ASCII Character</div><p>Press <tt>Ctrl</tt> and (at the same time) any three-digit number (on the numeric
keypad or the normal numeric keys) to insert the ASCII character designated by
that entry value into the transmit buffer. For example, <tt>Ctrl 177</tt> is “±”
(plus/minus) and <tt>Ctrl 176</tt> is “°” (degree). If you press a key other than the
numeric keypad’s 0-9 the sequence will be discarded.</p></div>
<h2 id="ref-credits" class="float">Credits</h2>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Copyright © 2008 Murray Greenman, <tt>ZL1BPU</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Copyright © 2008-2009 David Freese, <tt>W1HKJ</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Copyright © 2009 Stelios Bounanos, <tt>M0GLD</tt>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>License GPLv3+: <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU GPL version 3 or later</a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
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<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2012-03-03 14:29:46 UTC
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